PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

WASHINGTON

Voluime IV.

1896-1901.

WASHINGTON, I). C.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

1901.

DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF VOLUME IV.

No. i (pp. 1-48), November 5, 1896.
No. 2 (pp. 49-176), March 21, 1898.
No. 3 (pp. 177-345), May 24, 1899.
No. 4 (pp. 347-527), July 16, 1901.

Publication Committee for Volume IV.

L. O. HOWARD, THEO. N. GILL, E. A. SCHWARZ,

WM. H. ASHMEAD, F. H. CHITTENDEN.

;

PROCEEDINGS.

JANUARY 2, 1896.

President Ash me ad in the chair and the following members
also present : Messrs. Schwarz, Benton, Heidemann, Marlatt,
*t*ratt, Hubbard, Howard, Gill, Sudworth, Stiles, and Waite.

The election of officers for 1896 resulted as follows : Presi
dent, C. L. Marlatt; vice-presidents, Theodore Gill and H. G.
Hubbard ; recording secretary, L. O. Howard ; corresponding
secretary, Frank Benton ; treasurer, E. A. Schwarz ; additional
members executive committee, W. H. Ashmead, D. W. Coquil-
lett, C. W. Stiles. At the conclusion of the election President
elect Marlatt took the chiir and acknowledged in a few remarks
the honor done him.

Mr. Schwarz presented the following paper :

SEMI-TROPICAL TEXAS.
By E. A. SCHWARZ.

In the year 1879 I had an opportunity of becoming acquainted
with the insect fauna of the vicinity of Columbus, Texas, on the
lower Colorado River. The fauna at this point, both of the
densely wooded river valley as well as of the adjoining more
elevated prairies, is but little modified from the austroriparian
fauna of Louisiana. West of the Guadalupe River a change in
the character of flora and fauna gradually takes place, owing to
the greatly diminished amount of rainfall. This is southwestern
Texas, or more properly the low-lands of western Texas, and
south of the Nueces River the characteristic features of this
region attain their highest development. With the insect fauna
of this region I became tolerably well acquainted the past year,
during the investigation of the Mexican cotton-boll weevil \An-
thonomus grandis}, carried on by the U. S. Department of Ag
riculture. It differs essentially from that of Columbus, Tex.,
but also, though in a lesser degree, from the fauna of the higher
plateaus of Texas north and northwest of San Antonio. Still,
southwestern Texas belongs, at least as far as the insects are con
cerned, to the lower Sonoran fauna, of which it forms a marked

Z ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

subdivision,* but with marked affinities to the austroriparian
region.

The valley of the Rio Grande nowhere forms a natural divid
ing line, and the flora and fauna of southwestern Texas extend
into the State of Tamaulipas how far south, I am unable to state.
The explorers of the Mexican fauna have entirely neglected this
region, and only a few representatives thereof are recorded in
the Biologia Centrali-Americana.

That a number of genera and species of animals belonging to
the neotropical region extend northward along the tierra caliente
of eastern Mexico and cross the Rio Grande into Texas has long
since been recognized, but since nothing definite regarding the
exact extent of the region where this tropical fauna is to be found
north of the Rio Grande seems to be known, at least so far as
the insects are concerned, I venture to place on record a few ob
servations made by myself during a very short visit to the lower
Rio Grande in June, 1895.

Collections made at Laredo, San Diego, Corpus Christi, and
in the lower Nueces river valley prove that, with few exceptions,
no tropical forms occur in that section, and the trip on the stage
from Alice to Brownsville shows that the character of the coun
try does not change southward until the black alluvial soil of the
delta of the Rio Grande is reached. Here, within the bends of
the river, as well as along: the various backwaters and old river

O

arms (resacas) which dissect the delta, isolated areas or strips of
larger or smaller extent are covered with a dense forest having
thick undergrowth of varied shrubbery and a rich vegetation of
lower plants, the like of which is not seen at any other place in
southwestern Texas. These forest jungles (in Florida they would
be called hammocks) are the home of the semi-tropical insect
fauna of Texas, which, so far as known to me, has, previous to
the year 1895, never been investigated by any entomologist, since
even many of the most abundant species are either entirely new
or not yet recorded from the United States. If, confining myself
to Coleoptera found by Prof. Townsend or myself near Browns
ville, I mention the genera Agra, Dasydactylus, Physorhinus,
Achryson, Gnaphalodes, Amphionycha, Megascelis, Plectrotreta,
Brachycoryne, Listronychus, Polypria (quite a number of others
are not yet determined, or undescribed), no one can deny the ex
istence of a semi-tropical insect fauna along the north bank of the
lower Rio Grande. The number of species composing this fauna
is very large ; in Coleoptera alone I estimate that, after proper ex-

* Prof. E. D. Cope, in his paper " On the Zoological position of Texas "
(Bull. 17, U. S. Nat. Museum, i8So), calls thi region th<? Texas district
of the austroriparian fauna."

OF WASHINGTON. ,1

ploration, between 3 and 400 species will be added to our
lists.

As stated above, these semi-tropical thickets occur in isolated
patches in the lowest parts of the delta ; wherever the ground is
a little more elevated, the usual mesquite and spiny chaparral,
liberally interspersed with Opuntias, make their appearance, and
with them the general fauna of southwestern Texas.

To any one coming from the north into this region it becomes
at once evident that the Arroyo Colorado, which is the northern
most of the old arms of the Rio Grande, forms the northern
boundary of the semi-tropical flora and fauna, while, from infor
mation received from Prof. Townsend,* they extend up the river
to the head of the same arroyo, or, at most, to the town of Ed
inburgh (Hidalgo). Toward the coast, the peculiar Yucca-
covered ridges form a characteristic feature of the country, and, no
doubt, harbor semi-tropical insects. Finally, the maritime fauna
of the delta is semi-tropical and probably extends north of the
mouth of the Arroyo Colorado as far as Corpus Christi Bay.
In what way the semi-tropical fauna is continued southward
through the State of Tamaulipas I am unable to state.

The area thus circumscribed within the political boundaries of
the United States is extremely small, in fact much smaller than
that occupied by the semi-tropical region of Florida or Baja Cal
ifornia. Like the Floridian region, the Texan semi-tropical flora
and fauna are doomed to almost complete extinction by the prog
ress of agriculture, and already at the time of my visit flourish
ing sugar-cane fields and corn-fields covered the major part of
the area once occupied by the semi-tropical forest.

The paper was briefly discussed by Messrs. Gill, Ashmead,
Waite, and Howard. Dr. Gill said that Mr. Schwarz's observa
tions on the extremely limited character of this fauna in Texas
agreed w r ith his own deductions from a study of fishes. Fresh
water fishes, he said, were extremely well adapted for faunal dis
tribution studies, on account of their necessary restrictions. We
have, in the vicinity of Brownsville, our only representatives of
certain characteristically tropical families of fishes, namely, Asty-
anax and Heros. Mr. Ashmead spoke particularly of the So-
noran fauna of southern Texas, and said that, from his examina-

* See also Dr. V. Havard's paper on the flora of western and southern
Texas (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, p. 449-533).

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

tions of Hymenoptera, he had satisfied himself of the identity of
the fauna of the San Diego region with that of portions of New
Mexico, Arizona, and south California. He mentioned certain
characteristic forms, particularly Haltichella and Orasema. Mr.
Schwarz remarked that the bulk of the insects in the delta of the
Rio Grande belonged to the southwestern Texas fauna. The
more tropical species in Texas, just as in Florida, occur in
island-like spots. In his paper on the semi-tropical fauna of
Florida, he had predicted the probable extinction of this fauna
by cultivation. At Lake Worth, according to recent collections
made there by Mrs. Slosson and Dr. Hamilton, this had already
been brought about. The Texas region is much smaller, and the
semi-tropical fauna is sure to disappear from our political boun
daries, he thinks, as soon as the railroad reaches Brownsville.

Mr. Schwarz also spoke of the fact that the palmetto (Sabal
mexicana} is characteristic of the semi-tropical in Texas, but not
so in Florida, since in the latter state Sabal palmetto extends
far up the coast to South Carolina. A propos to this statement,
Mr. Howard remarked that the palmetto occurs wild at the mouth
of the Mississippi River, and that the finest specimens of the
plant he had seen were growing out of doors in gardens in New
Orleans, where they had not been hurt by the severe frost of last
winter, which destroyed orange trees in New Orleans. He asked
whether the palmetto does not occur along the shores of the Gulf
from Florida to New Orleans. Mr. Ashmead said that, in his
opinion, it does. Mr. Howard gave a brief account of some of
his experiences in south Texas north of Brownsville. Mr.
Schwarz mentioned the peculiar fact that in Florida the true in
sect fauna of the palmetto by no means reaches the northern
limits of the distribution of the plant. In the same way in Texas
the characteristic fauna of the mesquite ceases at a point far south
of the northern range of the plant.

Mr. Ashmead presented the following paper :

ON THE GENERA OF THE EUPELMIN^E.
By WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD.

The Etipelmincz were first separated from Westwood's family
Encyrtida as a distinct family under the name HupcJmoida:-

OF WASHINGTON. 5

by Dr. Arnold Forster, in his Hymenopterologische Studien, in
18^6, page 18, the type of the family being the genus Eupd-
mns Dalnian, erected in 1820.

In this work Forster gives a table of the genera known to him,
and tabulates seven genera viz., Halidea, Polymoria, Ratze-
burgia, Calosoter, Eupelmus, and Charitopus, of which
five w r ere- new, the genus Ratzeburgia being a new name
for Eusandalum Ratzeburg, preoccupied. Halidea is identical
with Metapelma Westwood, which was unknown to Forster,
although characterized as early as 1835.

Forster also overlooked the genera llrocryptus Westwood,
founded in 1840, Phlebopenes Perty, 1834, and Prionopelma
Westwood, 1835. The latter I consider identical with Phlebo
penes.

A new genus, Charilophus^ was erected by Haliday in 1862,
from Algiers, while the following year Motschulsky founded his
genera Anastatus and Cacotropia from Ceylon. Walsh's genus
Antigaster was erected in 1869. ^ was suppressed by Howard
in 1869, who considered it synonym'ous with Eupelmus. It is,
however, a valid genus, but must give w r ay to Anastatus Mot
schulsky, the older name.

Balcha was described by Walker in 1864, Myrmecopsis
Walker, from Australia, in 1866, while in 1874 Forster de
scribed Charitolophtis, a genus with branched antennas, from
Europe, and Westwood Oodera from the Malay Archipelago.

In 1883, Peter Cameron erected the genus Solindenia, from
the Sandwich Islands, and in 1884, in Biologia Centrali-Amer-
icana, he describes three new genera Brasema, Lutnes, and
Aseirba. The last, however, has been shown recently by Dr.
Howard to be identical with the genus Cerchysius Westwood,
in the Encyrtinas.

Finally, a remarkable genus, with branched antennae in the
males, was founded by Howard in 1890, under the name of
Tanaostigma, who placed it with the Encyrtincz, but which
evidently belongs to this group on account of the distinct me-
sonotal furrow r s. It is one of the links that bind these two sub
families together, and, as has already been suggested by Dr.
Howard, will form a distinct tribe, with my Tanaostigmodes, a
closely allied genus described below.

The above-mentioned genera are, so far as I know, all the de
scribed genera known up to the present time.

In studying recently some South American, West Indian, and
Tropical Eupelmince it became necessary for me to go over the
literature on the subject very carefully, and the result is the dis
covery of several new genera, and as no complete table of the
genera of this group has ever been published (the table in Mr.

6 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Cresson's synopsis* giving only a few of the known genera) it
appeared to me that the early publication of a complete generic
table of this difficult group would be appreciated by the student
and add considerably to our knowledge of the structure and dis
tribution of these chalcidids.

With this aim in view, I have therefore prepared the following
table, which includes all the described genera except BalcJia
Walk., which is too insufficiently described to be incorporated :

TABLE OF GENERA.
Females.

Posterior tibice and first tarsal joint not compressed or not broad (rarely

with tibiae slightly compressed) 2

Posterior tibiae and first tarsal joint compressed and broad.

Eyes hairy; axillae meeting at base of scutellum; antennae 13-
jointed (i) Metapelma Westw.

2 Anterior femora normal 3

Anterior femora much swollen.

Winged ; anterior femora armed with minute spines beneath ;

ovipositor very long (2) Oodera Westw.

Wingless; anterior femora unarmed; ovipositor subexserted ;

head large quadrate; eyes rounded, bare; temples broad.

(3) Ooderella n. g.

3 First tarsal joint of middle legs with strong spines beneath 4

First tarsal joint of middle legs without strong spines beneath.

Scutum of mesonotum not impressed; axillae triangular, meeting
at base (4) Charitopus Forst.

4. Frons rarely deeply excavated, although often with deep antennal

furrows, the front ocellus never placed in the furrow 6

Frons deeply excavated, the front ocellus always placed in the furrow.

Middle tibiae not very long 5

Middle tibiae very long.

Antennae inserted near the border of the mouth.

.(5) Stenocera Walk.

Antennae inserted far above the mouth border; postmar-
ginal vein greatly lengthened (6) Polymoria Forst.

5. Axillae not united at base, their inner suture strongly curved ; post-

marginal vein very short, scarcely developed, or rarely longer than
the stigmal vein (7) Ratzeburgia Forst.

6. Eyes bare 7

Eves hairy or pubescent.

Scutellum with a broad base against the mesonotum, the axillae
therefore widely separated.
Hind tibiae with 2 spurs.

OF WASHINGTON. 7

Antennae inserted below the middle of the face, the stig-

mal vein very long, curved (8) Calosoter Walk.

Antennae inserted above the middle of the face, the stig-

mal vein very short (9) Chirolophus Hal.

Hind tibiae with i spur (teste Cameron).

(10) Solindenia Cam.

Scutellum with a narrow base against the mesonotum, the axillae
approximate or united at base.

Second abdominal segment short, not incised at apical mar
gin.

Stigmal vein not short; abdomen oval, narrower than
the thorax, with the ovipositor subexserted.

(n) Brasema Cam.

Second, third and fourth abdominal segments usually incised
at apical margins, the second segment the longest.

Eyes not or scarcely convergent above, the vertex not
narrow; frons with a deep A-shaped antennal furrow;
antennae 13-jointed, ringed with white, inserted close to

the mouth (12) Idoleupelmus n. g.

Eyes slightly convergent above, but the vertex not very
narrow; frons deeply grooved ; antennae 13-jointed, not
ringed with white, clavate, obliquely truncate at apex
from beneath, inserted on the middle of the face; ab
domen longer than head and thorax united, dorsal
segments 1-3 incised at apical margin.

(13) Macreupelmus n. g.

Eyes very large, strongly convergent above, the vertex
narrow, the hind ocelli very approximate, the front
ocellus placed far anteriorly.

Abdomen spatulate ; occiput with a bunch of stiff
black bristles behind the ocelli.

(14) Tineobius n. g.
Abdomen long, oblong-oval ; occiput normal.

(15) Ischnopsis n. g.
Second abdominal segment as long as all the others united,

deeply incised at apical margin (16) Lutnes Cam.

Second, third, fourth and fifth dorsal abdominal segments in
cised or emarginate at apical margins.

Scape long, more or less compressed ; post marginal vein
very long, the stigmal vein not short, curved.

(17) Cerambycobius n. g.

7. Winged 8

Apterous or subapterous.

Metathoracic angles spined ; antennae inserted close to the mouth ;

face with transverse furrows (18) Myrmecopsis Walk.

Metathorncic angles normnl ; antennae a little below the middle of

8 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

the face, but never close to the mouth ; face without trans
verse furrows.

Segments 2-6 not incised at apical margins.

( 19) Urocryptus Westw.

Segments 2-6 incised or at least more or less emarginated at
apical margins (20) Eupelmus Dalm.

8. Mesothorax convex, the scapulae very short, the parapsidal furrows

delicate but distinct and strongly convergent and meeting or almost
meeting posteriorly in front of the scutellum, conforming to the

axil la r sutures 1 1

Mesothorax depressed or concave medially, the scapulae not short, the
parapsidal furrows never strongly convergent posteriorly.

Abdomen clavate or spatulate, broadened behind, narrowed to
wards base, not as long as the thorax, and depressed or flat
above, dorsal flap not incised or the incision not very deep... 10
Abdomen long, conic-ovate, oblong or conically acuminate, as
long as or much longer than the head and thorax united, the
dorsal flap always deeply incised at apex.

Ovipositor always much longer than the entire body 9

Ovipositor shorter than the body, usually shorter than the
abdomen.

Antennas inserted a little below the middle of the face.
on an imaginary line drawn from base of the eyes, or a

little below it (20) Eupelmus Dalm.

Antennae inserted above the middle of the face.

Axillae widely separated; wings not short, the mar
ginal vein long, the stigmal very short, the post-
marginal long; antennae i3-jointed.

(21) Charitolophus Forst.

Axillae approximate; wings short; antennae 9-
jointed (22) Cacotropia Motsc.

9. Scape compressed, extending far beyond the ocelli.

Basal dorsal flap and dorsal segments 2-4 incised at apex.

(23) Plebopenes Perty ( = Prionopelma Westw.)

10. Postmarginal vein two or more times longer than the stigmal vein,
rarely only as long.

Head viewed from in front about twice as wide as long, the an-
tennal furrows very deep; eyes round, strongly convergent
above; postmarginal vein not longer than the stigmal.

(24) Lecaniobius n. g.

Head viewed from in front at least as long as wide, rarely a little
wider than long; antennal furrows not very deep and very
short ; eyes oblong or ovate.

Malar furrow distinct; no carina from the lower part of each
eye to base of each antenna; antenna? inserted on or some-

OF WASHINGTON. 9

what below an imaginary line drawn from base of eyes,
rarely slightly above this line.

(25) Anastatus Motsch. ( = Antigaster Walsh.)
Malar furrow indistinct or subobsolete ; a distinct carina ex
tends from lower part of each eye to base of each antenna;
antennas inserted just above the clypeus.

(26) Arachnophaga n. g.
ii. Scape broadly dilated below.

Flagellum flattened, the joints of funicle subpedunculated and
very much wider than long; postmarginal vein shorter than
the stigmal, the latter long, nearly perpendicular with the
anterior margin of the wing; abdomen not longer than the
thorax, the ovipositor slightly exserted.. (27) Tanaostigma How.
Flagellum subclavate, the joints of funicle a little longer than
thick, cylindric; postmarginal vein not longer than the stigmal,
the latter not short, but oblique; abdomen as long as or a little
longer than the head and thorax united, the ovipositor subex-
serted (28) Tanaostigmodes n. g.

Males.
Posterior tibiae and first tarsal joint simple, not much compressed or very

broad 2

Posterior tibiae and first tarsal joint compressed, broad.

Eyes hairy; flagellum subclavate, obliquely truncate at tip.

(i) Metapelma Westw.

2. Anterior femora normal 3

Anterior femora much swollen.

Anterior femora armed with minute spines beneath.

(2) Oodera Westw.
Anterior femora not armed with minute spines beneath.

(3) Ooderella Ashm.

3. Antennae simple, never branched 4

Antennas ramose or branched.

Flagellum with four long branches.

Mesonotum depressed, parapsidal furrows vaguely impressed
or normal.

Eyes bare (9) Chirolophus Hal.

Eyes hairy (21) Charitolophus Forst.

Mesonotum convex, the parapsidal furrows delicate but dis
tinct, running off towards the sides and strongly convergent
and meeting or nearly meeting at base of scutellum.

(27) Tanaostigma How.

4. Antennas inserted just above the clypeus or below an imaginary line

drawn from the base of eyes 7

Antennae inserted on the middle of the face or above or on an imagi
nary line drawn from the base of eyes.

10 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Mesonotal furrows complete 6

Mesonotal furrows incomplete, vaguely impressed or indicated
only anteriorly and converging and ending near the middle of
the scutum.

Axillae united at base or not well separated 5

Axillae well separated.

Stigmal and postmarginal veins short, the latter shorter
than the former and always much abbreviated ; hind
sutures of axillae curved ; scape not compressed.

(7) Ratzeburgia Forster.

Stigmal and postmarginal veins not short, the latter a
little longer than the former; hind sutures of axillae
straight; scape somewhat compressed.

(8) Calosoter Walk.

5. Hind tibiae not compressed.

Pedicel not small, obconical, larger than the first funicular joint ;
scape subcompressed (20) Eupelmus Dalman.

6. Postmarginal vein twice or nearly twice as long as the stigmal.

Scape short; the flagellum filiform ; pedicel minute, much smaller
than first funicular joint.
Joints i to 7 of funicle always longer than thick, the club

joints not very long Cerambycobius Ashm.

Joints of funicle very short, much wider than long, the club

joints very long ,. .(25) Anastatus Motsch.

7., Hind tibiae somewhat compressed.

Pedicel obconical, smaller than the first joint of funicle, all the
joints of the funicle except sometimes 6 and 7 longer than
thick.

Apical margin of none of the dorsal segments of abdomen
incised or emarginate, (26) Arachnophaga Ashm.

(3) OODERELLA I1CW gClHlS.

(Type O. smithii.}

Head quadrate, wider than thorax, the temples broad, the frons impressed,
but without antennal furrow r s, although there is an elevation between the
antennae; eyes large, rounded, convex, bare; ocelli triangularly arranged ;
maxillary palpi 4-jointed; labial palpi 3-jointed; manibles 3-dentate.
Antennae 13-jointed, long, inserted below the middle of the face ; the scape,
cylindrical, less than one-third the length of the flagellum, the latter long,
subclavate, the pedicel shorter than the first funicle joint.

Thorax similar to Eupelmus, only the prothorax is longer, while the
scutellum and mesonotum are more depressed and do not meet in an
elevation or ridge; wings undeveloped, scale-like; legs as in Eupelmus,
except the anterior femora are mrch swollen, shorter and much stouter
than the middle and hind femora, similar to the genus Heydenia.

OF WASHINGTON. 1 1

Abdomen ovate, convex above and beneath and not longer than the
thorax, the apex pointed, with the ovipositor subexserted, the dorsal
segments 1-5 with apical margins emarginated or incised medially.

This interesting new genus bears a slight resemblance to the
Cleonymine genus Heydenia Forster.

(i) Ooderella smithii n. sp.

Female. Length 3.5 mm. Head and abdomen black, the face metallic
greenish ; scape, prothorax, mesonotum, middle legs and hind legs -within,
except coxae, ferruginous ; anterior legs and hind legs outwardly, dark
fuscous or fusco-aeneous ; mesosternum aeneous black. Flagellum black,
3j times the length of the scape, the pedicel obconical, much shorter than
the first joint of the funicle. There is a tuft of silvery hairs on the middle
of the mesonotum just in front of the scutellum. another on the anterior
margin of the mesopleura and also on the hind coxae.

Hab. Chapada, Brazil, April. (H. H. Smith Collection.)

(4) CHARITOPUS Forster.

(i) Charitopus schwarzii n. sp.

Female.' Length 3.5 mm. Elongate, linear, the ovipositor a little
longer than the abdomen. Bronze-green, shagreened ; antennae and
ovipositor black ; legs, except coxae, brownish-yellow ; middle tarsi, except
first joint, tips of hind tibiae and hind tarsi, except basal half of first joint,
fuscous. Wings hyaline, the marginal and postmarginal veins very long,
the stigmal vein very minute, subsessile.

Type, No. 3458, U. S. N. M.

Hab. Biscayne Bay, Florida. (E. A. Schwarz.)
This is the only genuine Charitopus yet recognized in our
fauna, Charitopus magnificus Ashm. really belonging* to the
Cleonyminae and representing a new genus which I call Ptino-
bt us.

(7) RATZEBURGIA Forster.

(1) Ratzeburgia cyanea n. sp.

Female. Length 7 mm.; ovipositor 1.5 mm. Wholly cyaneous with
slight greenish metallic reflections on mesonotum, mesopleura, apex of
first abdominal segment, base of second, and middle of two or three of the
following segments; tegulae, knees and tarsi, light brownish.

Type, No. 3459, U. S. N. M.
Hab. Arizona.

(2) Ratzeburgia coquillettii n. sp.

Female. Length 4.5 to 5 mm. Head and thorax black ; abdomen above
bronzed green ; legs, except coxae and hind femora, brownish-yellow, hind

12 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

femora fuscous or blackish; wings hyaline with tips and a band across
wing just beneath marginal vein, fuscous.

Type, No. 3460, U. S. N. M.

Hab. Santa Cruz Mts. and Los Angeles, Cal. This species
is dedicated to my friend, the distinguished Dipterist D. W.
Coquillett, who reared a single specimen at Los Angeles, Cal.,
from a Cerambycid larva, Oeme gr acilis Lee.

(3) Ratzeburgia hubbardii n. sp.

Female. Length 4 to 5 mm. Head and thorax metallic brown-black,
the face duller and sometimes blue-black, the abdomen very long, acuminate,
bronzed green, the whole body sparsely clothed with a sparse whitish
pubescence; legs aeneous black or fusco-aeneous, the extreme tips of an
terior tibiae, their tarsi, middle legs except coxae and tips of hind tibiae
and their tarsi brownish-yellow. Wings clear hyaline.

Type, No. 3461, U. S. N. M.

Hab. Crescent City, Fla. ; District of Columbia.

Described from many specimens and dedicated to my friend
Henry G. Hubbard, who bred it in numbers from the larva of a
Coleopteron, Leptostylus biustus Lee., boring in orange trees.

(4) Ratzeburgia hyalinipennis sp. n.

Female, Length 5 mm. Closely allied to R. hnbbardii but the head
is bronzed green, the abdomen not so acuminate at tip, the pubescence
being more distinctly confined to the abdomen and exceedingly fine or
microscopic, while the legs are nearly wholly ferruginous with sometimes
only the coxae and anterior femora aeneous, although in one specimen all
the tibiae have a more or less distinct fuscous streak on their outer face.
Wings clear, hyaline.

Type', No. 3462, U. S. N. M.

Hab. Santa Cruz Mts., Cal. (Albert Kcrbelc.)

(8) CALOSOTER Walker.

(i) Calosoter longiventris sp. n.

Female. Length 6.5 mm. Dull bronzed green; scape aeneous, the
flagellum black ; legs, except coxae, fuscous ; sutures of trochanters, knees,
tips of tibiae and all tarsi brownish-yellow. Wings hyaline, teguhe and
veins brown, the postmarginal vein a little longer than the stigmal. Ab
domen very acuminate, compressed, 25 times as long as the head and
thorax united, the terminal segment forming a long slender stylus.

Male. Length 3 mm. Agrees with the female in color except the legs
are aeneous, with only the knees, extreme tips of tibiae and the tarsi fer
ruginous; and in structure, except the abdomen is depressed, oblong and
scarcely longer than the thorax.

OF WASHINGTON. 1 3

Type, No. 3463, U. S. N. M.

Hab. Santa Cruz Mts. and Argus Mts., Cal. (Albert Koc-
bele.)

(9) CHIROLOPHUS Haliday.

(i) Chirolophus kcebelei n. sp.

Male. Length 3 mm. Bronzed green, the head in front blue-green;
legs, except tarsi and extreme tips of tibiae, black. Antennas black, in
serted above the middle of the face, the scape slightly compressed and ex
tending above the ocelli; joints 1-4 of funicle each with a long slender
compressed branch. Thorax as in Calosoter except the axillae, although
widely separated, are a little closer to each other than in that genus.
Wings hyaline, the veins dark brown, the marginal and postmargmal
veins long, the stigmal very short as in Torymns. Abdomen long, linear,
a little longer than the head and thorax united.

Type, No. 3464, U. S. N. M.

Hab. Australia. (Albert Koebele collector.)

(12) IDOLEUPELMUS new genus.
(Type /. annulicornts.}

Female. Head transverse, as wide as the thorax, antero-posteriorly
rather thin, the temples flat, seen from in front rounded, the frons with a
distinct /^-shaped antennal furrow ; eyes oblong oval, pubescent and some
what convergent above, the vertex not, however, specially narrowed;
ocelli triangularly arranged; antennae 13-jointed, inserted just above the
clypeus ; scape slender, cylindrical, theflagellum ringed with white. Thorax
as in Enpelmus; wings marked with brown and white, the postmarginal
vein longer than the stigmal ; legs as in Eupelmus. Abdomen as in
Anastatus (= Antigaster Walsh), except it terminates in a long ovipositor.

(i) Idoleupelmus annulicornis sp. n.

Female. Length i. 6mm. ; ovipositoi'5 mm. yEneous-black ; abdomen,
except at base <vhich is pale, blue-black ; parapsides, scutellum, mesopleura
posteriorly, mesosternum and base of abdomen brownish-yellow; legs
honey-yellow, the coxae and hind femora and tibia; metallic; middle and
anterior femora fuscous medially, the anterior tibiae with a white band near
the base. Wings fuscous, with the base and a subapical band white.
Eyes hairy, slightly convergent above, the face with a /^-shaped furrow.

Antennae black, joints 7 to 9 white; ovipositor yellowish, the extreme
tip black.

Hab. St. Vincent. (II. II. Smith.)
Described from i specimen.

14 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

(13) MACREUPELMUS new genus.
(Type M. brasih'ensis.}

Head transverse, about twice as wide as thick antero-posteriorly, a little
wider than the thorax viewed from in front, the frons a little wider than
long, with deep antennal furrows; eyes large, oval, pubescent, slightly
converging above but the vertex not very narrow; ocelli arranged in an
equilateral triangle; maxillary palpi 4-jointed ; labial palpi 3-jointed ;
mandibles bidentate, the inner tooth broad; antennae i3-jointed, inserted
above an imaginary line drawn from base of eyes, the scape slightlv
curved, clavate ; flagellum clavate, the club obliquely and strongly truncate
at apex above, pedicel shorter than the first joint of funicle, joints 1-3 of
funicle very slightly shortening but also thickening, but much longer
than thick, the first being four or more times longer than thick, funicle
joints 4-6 wider than long.

Thorax as in Eupclimis, except the axillae are somewhat separate at
inner basal angle-; wings more or less clouded, the marginal vein very
long, as long as the submarginal or a little longer; the stigmal vein
oblique, not especially long and ending in a little uncus; postmarginal
vein very long; legs as in Etipelmus.

Abdomen long, longer than head and thorax united, clavate, depressed,
rounded off at apex and ending in a prominent ovipositor, the dorsum fiat
with the apical margin of segments 1-4 incised or emarginate, the first
two being very deeply incised ; venter sub-convex.

fi) Macreupelmus brasiliensis sp. n

Female. Length 4.5 to 5 mm. Blue-black, with a slight aeneous tinge,
and clothed with sparse whitish hairs, hair.> on pronotum and anterior
femora black. Antennae, except spot at tip of scape, black, the flagellum
much incrassated toward tip and strongly obliquely truncate at apex from
above; eyes brown pubescent. Front wings fuscous, paler at base and
tips, with an oblique whitish or hyaline streak extending from the marginal
vein backwards towards base of the wing. Legs black, the front tarsi
ferruginous, middle and hind trochanters and a spot at base of hind tibiae
white. Mesosternum with a white spot in front of middle cox*. Ovi
positor as long as the first two joints of hind tarsi, brownish-yellow.

Hab. Santarem, Brazil. (H. H. Smith Coll.)

(14) TINEOBIUS, new genus.
(Type T. citri.]

Head transverse, a little wider than the thorax, antero-posteriorly very
thin, the frons without distinct antennal furrows or these only slightly in
dicated toward insertion of antennae ; occiput very flat, the temples
scarcely visible back of the eyes, with cluster of black hairs back of ocelli ;
eyes large, long-oval, pubescent and rather strongly convergent above;

OF WASHINGTON. 1 5

ocelli subtriangular arranged, the front ocellus a little farther away from
the hind ocelli than are these to each other; maxillary palpi 4-jointed ;
antennae i3-jointed, widely separated at base, inserted rather close to the
mouth, or below an imaginary line drawn from base of eves, the scape
long, cylindrical, slightly curved; flagellum rather slender, subclavate,
the pedicel longer than the first joint of funicle.

Thorax as in Anastatus, the scutellum with narrow base against meso-
notum but the axillae do not quite meet at base; wings clouded, the
stigmal vein nearly as long as the submarginal, the stigmal vein oblique,
subclavate, about half the length of the postmarginal, which is about two-
thirds the length of the marginal; legs as in Eupelmits except the hind
tibiae are distinctly flattened, but not so broad as in Metapelma.

Abdomen clavate, narrowed toward base, depressed and ending in a long
ovipositor, as long as, or nearlv as long as. the abdomen; dorsal seg
ments 13 incised at apical margins medially.

Resembles the genus Anastatus but differs in shape of head
in having the hind tibias flattened, by the pubescent eyes, long
ovipositor and by the incisions of dorsal abdominal segments.

fi) Tineobius citri n. sp.

Female. Length 3.5 mm. General color brownish-yellow or light
ferruginous; flagellum black; eyes brown-black, pubescent; face below
and between antennae metallic green; pronotum at sides and disk of
mesopleura violaceous, clothed with silvery pubescence; mesonotum,
except the elevation anteriorly which is metallic green, the short metanotum
and the abdomen except basal segment above and beneath which is white,
aeneous black; ovipositor as long as abdomen, black ringed with white
before apex. Hind legs fuscous, hind femora paler beneath, the sharp
ridge of hind tibiae and spot at base of first tarsal joint white; middle
tibia? dusky outwardly. Wings, except basal one third and extreme
apex which are hyaline, fuscous.

Type, No. 3465, U. S. N. M.
Hab. Paramatta, New South Wales.

Described from one female bred by A. Koebele from a Tineid
larva predaceous upon Chionaspis citri.

(i) Tineobius californicus n. sp.

Female. Length 3.5 mm. Stature and general color similar to T. citri
but the face below antennae is not metallic, the prothorax is entirely
brownish-yellow, the mesonotum has only a slight metallic tinge, the disk
of the lobes being fuscous, the mesopleura have a silvery sheen due to a
fine silvery pubescence, while, joints 1-3 of middle tarsi and joints 2-4 of
hind tarsi are white, the basal joint being entirely fuscous without the
white spot, the hind tibia3. however, and the legs otherwise, except the
middle tibia is not fuscous outwardly, are as in T. citri. The abdomen,

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

however, is entirely aeneous, not white at base, while the ovipositor is en-
tirelv light brown.

Type, No. 3466, U. S. N. M.

Hab. Kern County, California.

Described from one female taken by Mr. A. Koibele.

(15) ISCHNOPSIS new genus.
(Type /. ophthalmica.}

Female. Head transverse, as wide as the thorax antero-posteriorly, not
especially thin, seen from in front rounded, the frons with a distinct
/\-shaped antennal furrow; eyes large, oval, pubescent and strongly con
vergent above, nearly contiguous, the vertex in consequence very narrow ;
hind ocelli very approximate, the front ocellus placed far anteriorly;
antennae 13 jointed, inserted below an imaginary line drawn from base of
eyes; scape compressed, sharp-edged beneath ; the flagellum subclavate,
pubescent, the pedicel as long or a little longer than the first joint of funi-
cle, joints 5 and 6 of funicle a little wider than long, the preceding all
longer than wide.

Thorax as in Metapelma ; legs as in Enpelmus. Abdomen elongate
clavate, ending in a prominent ovipositor, the first dorsal segment the
longest and deeply incised at apical margin.

(i) Ischnopsis ophthalmica sp. n.

Female. Length 4 mm. ; ovipositor i mm. Bluish, with a metallic
green tinge, shagreened; antennae aeneous or submetallic, the flagellum
subclavate, with a dense black pubescence, the funicle joints long, the
first the longest, the two following about three times as long as thick, the
4th half the lengtlvof the 3d, those beyond transverse. Eyes abnormally
large, pubescent, convergent and almost meeting above, leaving a very
narrow vertex. Face with a deep A-shaped furrow, the bottom of the
furrow deep violet.' Mesonotum flat, but not deeply impressed ; scutellum
and axillae on the same plane, the former obconic, the latter triangular.
Tegulae and venation pallid; wings fuscous, the base and outer margin
broadly to base of stigmal vein and a large spot at the apical middle white
or hyaline; the marginal vein is as long as the submarginal, a little
thickened at base; stigmal vein curved, clavate; postmarginal vein long.
Legs brownish-yellow, with the anterior femora and tibiae, except the
knees, and the middle and posterior femora and a band at apex of hind
tibiae, brown or black. Abdomen clavate, as long as the thorax, convex
beneath, flat above, the first dorsal segment the longest, strongly emargi-
nate at the middle; ovipositor half the length of the abdomen, ferrugi
nous.

Hub. St. Vincent. (H. H. Smith.)
Described from a single specimen.

OF WASHINGTON. 17

(17) CERAMBYCOBIUS new genus.
(Type Rvpelmus cleri Ashm.)

Head transverse, as wide as widest part of thorax, viewed from in front
rounded, not longer than wide; temples narrow; face with a A-shaped
antennal furrow; clypeus not separated; maxillary palpi 5-jointed ; labial
palpi 3-jointed; mandibles 3-dentate; eyes large, oblong oval, pubescent;
antennae 13-jointed, inserted below an imaginary line drawn from base of
eyes, widely separated at base, the scape long, slightly compressed, the
flagellum subclavate, the pedicel longer than the first joint of funicle.

Thorax long as in Eupelmus ; wings with the marginal vein as long or
nearly as long as the submarginal, the stigmal vein not short, oblique,
subclavate, about one-third the length of the marginal, slightly curved,
the postmarginal very long, nearly as long as the marginal; legs as in
Eupelmus.

Abdomen long, longer than the head and thorax united, and ending in
a prominent ovipositor, depressed above, convex or carinate beneath, the
apical margins of the dorsal segments 1-5 incised oremarginate medially.

(24) LECANIOBIUS new genus.
(Type cockerellii.)

Head transverse, wider than the thorax, viewed from in front twice as
wide as long, the face being very short; frons with a deep A-shaped
antennal furrow; eyes rounded, bare; ocelli triangularly arranged ; max
illary palpi 4-jointed, the last joint the longest; labial palpi 2-jointed;
mandibles indistinctly tridentate; antennae 13-jointed, inserted a little
below the middle of the face, widely separated at base, the flagellum sub
clavate, obliquely truncate at tip from beneath.

Thorax as in Anastatus, the scutellum with some long black bristles ;
wings with a fuscous discoidal band or cloud. The marginal vein long,
the stigmal vein rather short, ending in a small knob, the postmarginal
vein not longer than the stigmal, usually a little shorter; legs as in
Eupelmus, except that the hind tibiae are somewhat flattened.

Abdomen much shorter than the thorax, as seen from above flat and
ovate in outline, although in dried specimens usually appearing spatulate
from the retraction of the terminal segments, beneath triangularly cari-
nated, the ovipositor not exserted or at the most subexserted; the apical
margins of dorsal segments are all apparently straight, not at all emar-
ginate or excised.

(i) Lecaniobius cockerellii n. sp.

Female. Length 2 mm. Head light brown, the vertex usually with
metallic reflections and sometimes surrounding the ocelli, more or less
aeneous; scape of antennae brownish-yellow, the pedicel and flagellum
brown-black. Thorax mostly aeneous, strongly iridescent; plate in front
of teguhe, upper surface of prothorax and coxal cavities light brown;

18 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

scutellum proper, but not axillae, red with some black bristles in disk.
Legs mostly aeneous or fusco-aeneous ; anterior coxae at base, their tro-
chanters and their femora and tibiae within, middle coxae beneath, their
trochanters and most of the femora and tibiae, except outwardly, light
brown, their tarsi whitish; hind legs mostly aeneous or fuscous, while
the outer surface or ridge of the tibiae white. Wings hyaline, with a
large brown cloud across the wing below the marginal and stigmal vein ;
abdomen aeneous, brownish at base beneath, the ovipositor not exserted.

Type, No. 3467, U. S. N. M.
Hab. Antigua, British West Indies.

Described from 12 female specimens bred by Prof. T. D. A,
Cockerell, from L e can ium f rater num Ckll.

(25) ARACHNOPHAGA new genus.
(Type Eupelmus piceus Riley.)

Female. General facies ofAnastatus Motschulsky ( = Antigaster Walsh )
but the head is larger, wider than the thorax and antero-posteriorly much
thinner, the temples very narrow, flattened ; the frons is smooth without
antennal furrows, the antennae being inserted just above the clypeus or
much below an imaginary line drawn from base of eyes; there is also a
strong carina extending from base of each eye to each antennal socket,
while the malar furrow is wanting or subobsolete, never distinct as it is
in Anastatus; maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the last joint as long as the three
preceding ; labial palpi 3-jointed ; mandibles tridentate ; antennae 13-jointed,
the scape long, slender, slightly curved; flagellum subclavate. Thorax
as in Eupelmus ; wings with a large discoidal blotch, the venation similar
to Anastatus ; legs as in Anastatus, except the hind tibiae are somewhat
flattened.

Abdomen spatulate, shorter than the thorax and with a prominent
ovipositor, the first segment the longest and the apical margins of all the
dorsal segments except the fifth, which is obtusely triangularly emargi-
nated, are straight, not incised or emarginate.

(28) TANAOSTIGMODES new genus.
(Type T. howardii.)

Female. Head transverse, as wide as the thorax, the vertex subacute,
the temples very narrow, flat, the frons foveated just above the antennas;
eyes oval, bare; ocelli in a straight line; clypeus small, indistinctly
separated, uith a slight median incision anteriorly; mandibles not large,
indistinctly tridentate; maxillary palpi 4-jointed, labial palpi 3-jointed;
antennas 13-jointed, inserted below the middle of the face, the scape
broadly dilated below, flagellum subclavate, the tip truncate, the joints
cylindrical, the funicular joints a little longer than thick.

Thorax subovoid, about two and one-half times as long as wide, con-

OF WASHINGTON. 19

vex above; pronotum very short, abruptly rounded off anteriorly; meso-
notum convex, not longer than wide and only two-thirds the length of
the scutellum, the parapsidal furrows delicate but distinct, strongly con
vergent and meeting or almost meeting at base of scutellum, but anteriorly
they take a strong divergent curve off to one side so that the scapulae are
rather short and considerably wider at base than long, conforming very
nearly in size and shape with the axillae; scutellum very large, a little
more than one-half longer than the mesonotum, the axillae triangular in
outline and barely meet at basal angles, their suture vis a vis with the
parapsidal furrows, scutellum proper fully twice as long as wide at widest
part; metathorax very short, the spiracles small, oval; wings ample, the
submarginal vein nearly three times as long as the marginal, the costal
cell rather broad ; stigmal vein a little more than two-thirds the length
of the marginal vein, oblique, with a slight curve, ending in a small
uncus.

Abdomen sessile, oblong-ovate, not longer than the head and thorax,
concave above, convex beneath, the basal segment the longest, about
twice as long as any of the following which are subequal ; the apical mar
gin of all the segments except the first, which has a slight median incision,
are straight, not incised; ovipositor not prominent, at the most sub-
exerted.

This genus is closely allied to Tanaostigma Howard, but is
readily separated by the great difference in shape of the flagellum
and by the venation of front wings. The cP is unknown but will
probably be a form with branched antennae, as has been sug
gested to me by Mr. Howard.

(1) Tanaostigmodes howardii n. sp.

Female. Length 2.5 to 3 mm. General color brownish-yellow, the
thorax above and the abdomen finely shagreened; eyes and abdomen
above, except at margins, brown-black, venter subfuscous; funicle joints
1-5 light brown, funicle joint 6 and the club white; tegulae, propleura
and tarsi beneath whitish.

Types, No. 3468, U. S. N. M.

Hab. San Diego, Los Angeles, Cal., and Arizona.
Described from many specimens reared by D. W. Coquillett
from a gall on Prosopis.

(2) Tanaostigmodes tychii n. sp.

Female. Length 2.5 mm. Black, finely coriaceous ; scape, antennae,
tips of coxae, trochanters, knees, anterior tibiae and tarsi and hind tarsi,
and sheaths of the ovipositor brownish-yellow or light brown. Parapsidal
furrows posteriorly meeting a little before the base of scutellum. Abdo
men broadly oval, much shorter than thorax; tegulae large, brownish-

20 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

yellow; wings hyaline, veins light brown, the stigmal vein a little shorter
than the marginal, ending in a distinct uncus.

Hab. San Bernardino, Cal.

Type, No. 3469, U. S. N. M.

Described from one female bred by D. W. Coquillett from
larva of Tychius semisquamosus Lee. living in the seeds of
Lupinus sparsifloris.

The following paper was then read by the Secretary :

ON THE AFFINITIES OF NEOLARRA.
By CARL F. BAKER, Fort Collins, Colo.

In Bulletin I of the Colorado Biological Association, Mr.
Ashmead erected the genus Neolarra on a unique male hymen-
opterous insect collected by Mr. Cockerell at West Cliff, Custer
Co., Colo., and named the species pruinosa. Following the
description he says: "This remarkable insect exhibits strong
Larrid affinities in shape, general appearance, and in the par
tially aborted ocelli, and I was inclined at first to place it in the
Larridcc^ but the distinctly produced labrum, only noticed when
describing, induced me to place it finally with the Bembecidce ;
and it will probably form a distinct tribe in this group, although
in its wing characters it is entirely different from any Hymenop-
tera known to me." Later, Mr. Fox borrowed the unique type
and in Entomological News, IV, p. 292, published a figure of
the wing and a fuller generic description, rightly calling the type
a male instead of a female, as described by Mr. Ashmead. Re
garding its affinities, Mr. Fox says: " I quite agree with Mr.
Ashmead in stating that it will probably form a distinct tribe of
the Bembecidce (so-called), and go further and believe it to
represent a distinct group intermediate between the so-called
jBembecidce and Larridcz. As several authors have demon
strated that the Larridce and Bcmbccida are not entitled to
family distinction, representing nothing but groups of the Sphec-
idce, the discovery of Neolarra tends to make the assertion
stronger. While its affinities to the Bembccida are shown in the
strongly protruding labrum and form of the mandibles, yet its
relation to the Larrites is evident in the wings, which are not
very dissimilar to the genus Dinetus."

During the past summer I collected specimens (male and fe
male) of this species at Fort Collins, on the flowers of Eriogo-
num microthecum var. effusum. A little later I took a single

OF WASHINGTON. 21

specimen of a new species which seemed in many respects very
near Neolarra, but which differed in having but one submar
ginal cell and two discoidals. I at once communicated the news
of these two captures to Prof. Cockerell. In a reply he advised
me to compare Neolarra and Phileremus! Not having the
material or time to make the comparison, I had dropped the
subject until Prof. Cockerel] sent me specimens of his new Phi
leremus verbesince, which was then undescribed. I was sur
prised to find verbesince strictly congeneric with Neolarra
pruinosa, and was greatly astonished to see that both were un
mistakably BEES. They have the greatly produced mouth-parts
usual to nearly related bees, and the hairs clothing the body are
compound and plumose. I immediately wrote Prof. Cockerell
again, but before hearing from him, received the copy of Psyche
in which he describes Phileremus verbesince, and the form
mentioned above with one submarginal cell and two discoidals
which he had also found at Las Cruces as a new genus and
species, Phileremulus vigilans. He also describes an addi
tional species of the same genus as Phileremulus nana. In his
reply Prof. Cockerell states that he had communicated to Mr.
Fox his suspicions regarding the affinities of Neolarra and
Phileremus and had received the assurance that Neolarra was
not a bee. But, strange to say, Phileremulus which in general
appearance is the exact counterpart of Neolarra Mr. Fox ad
mits is a bee, and a new genus, and stranger still, advises that
verbesince, which is straight Neolarra, be placed in Philere
mulus as a section or subgenus.

Considering the history of Neolarra, such a result (viz :
Neolarra a bee) seemed so entirely improbable, that I con
cluded there must have been an error in the determination of my
specimens. At this juncture, however, Mr. Ashmead most
kindly loaned me the type. It is a very poor specimen, the body
almost entirely denuded, the wings and legs on one side gone,
those on the other side in poor condition, and the mouth-parts
wholly retracted. It enabled me, however, to definitely deter
mine my specimens as Neolarra pruinosa. It is scarcely to be
wondered that Messrs. Fox and Ashmead found Neolarra a
most difficult form to place among the Fossores.

But Neolarra is not Phileremus, and the name will have to
be retained, though a most unfortunate misnomer. These allied
genera may be distinguished as follows :

a. Anterior wings with one submarginal cell and two discoidals; margi-

nal'cell scarcely exceeding stigma Phileremulus.

aa. Anterior wings with two submarginal cells and three discoidals.

b. Second submarginal cell much higher than broad and receiv-

22

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

ing the second recurrent nervure, the first recurrent joining
the first transverse cubital nerve or entering the first sub-
marginal cell at the extreme apex; marginal cell scarcely

exceeding stigma Neolarra.

bb. Second submarginal cell much broader than high, and re
ceiving both the recurrent nervures ; marginal cell greatly
exceeding stigma Phileremus

In Phileremulus the first recurrent nervure plainly enters the
submarginal cell before its apex. As the drawing of the wing
of Neolarra presented by Mr. Fox in his article (1. c.) is incor
rect in several respects, I give herewith drawings of the
wings of both Neolarra and Phileremulus. The veins above
the second submarginal cell in Neolarra are usually not so much
thickened as in the specimen from which the drawing was made.

FIG. i. A, Forewing of Neolarra pruinosa ; B, C, Fore and hind wings of Phileremulus
vigilans (original).

In Neolarra the tibial spurs are not i-i-i as stated by both
Ashmead and Fox, but 1-1-2, the same as in Phileremulus.
In the type of N. pruinosa the remaining posterior leg is so
imbedded in glue that a careful examination of the tibial spurs
would be impossible. The extruded mouth-parts in Neolarra
are nearly as long as the head ; the labial palpi are 4-joiiited, the
first joint about as long as the rest combined ; the maxillary
palpi appear to be 5 -jointed, though this may be incorrect. The

OF WASHINGTON. 23

small size of the posterior ocelli in A 7 ", pruinosa is a character of
specific value only, as in the very nearly related A", verbesince they
are all large and of equal size. In Philcremulus they are also
of the same size. Of the clypeus in Neolarra, which Mr. Ash-
mead describes as " not separated," Mr. Fox says u seems to be
divided into three lobes, the middle one being by far the largest,
most prominent, and extends up between the insertion of the
antennae." It is separated, however, its form being very strongly
outlined in undenuded specimens by the manner of growth of
the pubescence of the face. By the use of a high-power lens
the sutures can be distinguished in the denuded specimen. This
sclerite is subtrapezoidal in form, wider than long, the base
truncate, and the sides sloping. It falls far short of reaching
the antennae. The median swollen portion of the face between
the antennas, Mr. Fox had mistaken for part of the clypeus.

The female of Neolarra pruinosa, which has never been
described, differs from the male as follows : Length 4.5 mm.
Abdomen brighter rufous, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments not
basally darkened. Last dorsal segment not strongly narrowed
and produced as in the male ; but slightly narrowed to a blunt
tip, shallowly concave above, the lateral margins raised, tip on
either side with a strong, blunt, erect tooth.

It seems possible from the description that Cresson's Phile-
remusfulviventrts may also be a Neolarra.

The genera and species discussed above may be listed as fol
lows :

PHILEREMULUS.

VIGILANS Ckll.

NANA Ckll.

NEOLARRA.

PRUINOSA Ash.

VERBESIN^E Ckll.

{Phileremus verbesince}.
PHILEREMUS.

Mr. Ashmead discussed this paper and said that Mr. Baker
was perfectly correct in his conclusions. He himself in his
original description of Neolarra, on account of the poor condi
tion of the type, had mistaken its position. It is not a Bembecid,
as he had supposed, but a bee, as claimed by Mr. Baker. Mr.
Ashmead exhibited his type, to show by its poor condition that
the mistake had not been so serious as might be supposed. He

24 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

further said that Haliday had considered the Bembecidae as rather
closely related to the bees, on account of the structure of the
mouth-parts. Mr. Ashmead also said that there was a strong
affinity between certain wasps, the Larridcc and Nyssonidce,
and some of the parasitic bees.

//</ FEBRUARY 6, 1896.

President Marlatt in the chair and the following members also
present: Messrs. Linell, Gill, Schwarz, Fernow, Patten, Judd,
Chittenden, Stiles, Ashmead, Howard, Benton, active members,
and Messrs. G. R. Stetson, E. T. Perkins, E. C. Barnard, and
Dr. W. J. Karlsioe, visitors.

Mr. Schwarz read the following communication :

SLEEPING TREES OF HYMENOPTERA.
By E. A. SCHWARZ.

Comparatively little attention has been paid by entomologists
to the attitudes assumed by insects during the periods of sleep.
Crepuscular or nocturnal insects such as Heterocerous Lepidop-
tera, which sleep during the day-time, can of course be readily
observed at that time, and the very characteristic attitudes of
many lepidopterous larvae while asleep or at rest have frequently
been described and figured. In diurnal insects, which sleep at
night, such observations are not readily made. There is no
question, however, that various observations and notes on the
subject are recorded, and I distinctly remember having read an
account of the sleeping habits of certain bees or wasps, but I
am unable to refer to it now.

Thus, at the risk of duplicating an observation already pub
lished, I beg to narrate shortly a little experience I had the past
year in southwestern Texas, regarding sleeping Hymenoptera.
There are three species concerned in this observation, which were
kindly determined by Mr. Ashmead. Two of them, Melissodcs
pygmczus Cress, and Ccelioxys texanus Cress., belong to the
family Apidrc ; the third, Coloptera ivrightii Cress., to the
Sphegidae. All three are extremely abundant in southwestern
Texas.

During the extremely dry weather in the spring a peculiar cli
matic condition prevails in southwestern Texas, day after day,
in the early morning hours. From about 5 o'clock until after

OF WASHINGTON. 25

S o'clock, the sky is entirely overcast with heavy, black
clouds ; the air is extremely sultry and filled with a mist-like
fog. To the uninitiated it would appear that a heavy downpour
of rain was about to take place, but between 8 and 9 o'clock the
gulf breeze springs up, the clouds are dissipated as if by magic,
and the brightest sunshine prevails for the rest of the day.

During my stay at San Diego, Duval Co., it was my custom
to go into the field every day at half past 7 o'clock, and during
these cloudy mornings at the end of April and during the first
three weeks of May I had ample opportunity of observing sleep
ing specimens of the two Apidae mentioned above. At this hour
many butterflies, beetles, flies, etc., were on the wing, but the
light was evidently not strong enough, or the atmosphere too
heavy and moist, to arouse from their sleep these little bees.
Scattered through the chaparral (brush) which surrounds the
town of San Diego are numerous dead bushes, most of them
being Celtis pallida. It is on the thinnest, outermost twigs and
more particularly on the stout thorns with which this shrub is
liberally provided that single sleeping specimens of these bees
are found. Their position is uniform : the twig or thorn is
grasped tightly with all of the six legs, and, in addition, the
mandibles are widely opened and with their tips firmly inserted
into the wood. It requires some force, comparatively speaking,
to dislodge the bees from their position.

As stated above, I have seen in print records of a similar
attitude of sleeping bees, and I would not have presented this
note but for the following additional observation : On the very
first day I found that there are certain dead shrubs which serve
as sleeping quarters for a multitude of the bees. In the course
of time I discovered within a short distance four shrubs (or dwarf
trees) upon each of which from 50 to 70 specimens of the sleep
ing bees could be seen every morning, and several other shrubs
which harbored a smaller number of specimens, with plenty of
room for more. Here my third species, the Sphegid Coloptera
-wright ii, comes in. It was always on the sleeping trees in com
pany with the bees, but not so numerous as the latter. I never
saw it asleep at the hour I made these observations, but the speci
mens were, like watchmen, slowly walking up and down the
twigs, over the bodies of the sleeping bees, carefully and deliber
ately touching and examining with their antennas the bees, as if
trying to arouse them from their sleep. If I had been on the
spot at an earlier hour, or after dark hi the evening, I would, no
doubt, have ascertained also the sleeping habit of the Coloptera.
A well-frequented sleeping tree presents a very striking and ex
ceedingly pretty sight, which I never wearied of observing day
after day.

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

This habit of the Texan Hymenoptera naturally reminds one
of the well-known "Butterfly trees" of Monterey, Cala., and
Appalachicola, Fla., the sleeping quarters of the Archippus but
terfly (Danais ar chip pus} during its winter migration into
southern localities, but the case of the Texan Hymenoptera
acquires a special interest from the fact that three different spe
cies, belonging to three different genera, select certain shrubs as
common sleeping quarters. There must be something in the
nature of these shrubs or their surroundings which attracts the
bees. In looking over the ground I observed that the shrubs selected
as sleeping quarters are always of small size, about from 4 to 5
feet in height, and always surrounded, and apparently protected,
by living shrubbery of much larger size. However, I found a
multitude of dead shrubs, of the requisite size and in apparently
well-protected situation, upon which I never saw a single sleep
ing bee.

On May 21 a change in the weather took place; the sky re
mained clear throughout the night and early morning, and the
bees were on the wing long before I made mv appearance in the
field.

The paper was discussed at length by Messrs. Howard, Ash-
mead, Benton, Gill, Stiles, and Fernow. Mr. Ashmead expressed
great interest in the observations, and said that he had little doubt
of their entire novelty. He had noticed wasps in North Carolina
in the very early morning but had never seen them asleep. Mr.
Benton said that the position of the honey-bee when asleep was
well know r n. The upper ones grasp any projections with their
mandibles, while the lower ones grasp, also with their mandibles,
and fore feet, the legs of those above. In response to a query,
Dr. Gill said that fish, when supposedly asleep, are simply
quiescent, with their fins waving at intervals or entirely still.
Messrs. Schwarz and Gill further discussed the necessity for
sleep in animals and the difficulty of distinguishing between sleep
and rest. Dr. Stiles also participated in this discussion. Dr.
Gill said that in a generic sense sleep and rest are the same ; the
former, however, implies dormancy of the faculties, while the
latter does not. The difficulty of distinguishing between the two
in the lower animals is, in most cases, insurmountable. Dr.
Stiles tried to conceive of the sleep of a tapeworm, but found it
difficult. Oxyurus, however, he said, undoubtedly has long

OF WASHINGTON. 27

periods of rest, and is most active in the evening. Many Protozoa
are still for a long time. Dr. Gill said that the Acalephs have
also a resting period. Mr. Fernow said that plants also rest or
sleep. Their sleep is determined by the cessation of response to
stimulus. Mr. Schwarz spoke further of the profundity of the
sleep of the Hymenoptera which he had studied in Texas. He
took them from the plants with his fingers, and their torpor was
so deep that it took them some time to rouse themselves. He
said further that the first action of the insect on awakening was
to make its toilet, which he described in detail. Dr. Gill intro
duced the subject of hibernation and asstivation, which he dis
cussed at some little length. Dr. Stiles spoke of necrobiosis,
where rest or sleep lasts for eight or ten years. Mr. Marlatt
said that the habit which certain Hymenoptera have of hanging
by their jaws had been brought to the attention of the Society
before. He had noticed them in this position. It would naturally
be the one assumed during sleep, since to hang by the legs would
necessitate continued action of voluntary muscles, while the jaws
remain closed involuntarily. Dr. Gill described the interesting
habits of the African Dipnoan Protopterus which, when the
streams dry up, goes into the mud and makes a cocoon of slime
surrounded by mud and in this condition has been carried to
Europe and revived by placing it in water and dissolving the
cocoon.

Mr. Howard read a paper on the transformations of Pulex
serraticeps.*

, } - MARCH 5, i

President Marlatt in the chair and the following members also
present : Messrs. Schwarz, Benton, Chittenden, Linell, Vaughan,
Ashmead, Casey, Heidemann, Howard, Patten, Gill, and Stiles.

Mr. Schwarz announced the approaching completion of the
list of Coleoptera of the District of Columbia by Mr. H. Ulke
and urged that workers in other orders should now actively take
hold of the plan of preparing a complete list of the insects of the
District of Columbia. Mr. Ashmead stated that for some years

* Published in Bulletin 4, new .series, Division of Entomology, U. S.
Department of Agriculture.

28 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

he had been recording the Hymenoptera of the District of Colum
bia and that he hoped with the assistance of Mr. Marlatt in the
saw-flies and Mr. Pergande in the ants to soon be in position to
give a complete list in this order. He further stated that Mr.
Heidemann was nearly prepared to print a list of Heteroptera.

The following preamble and resolution were then introduced
and unanimously carried :

WHEREAS, the Entomological Society of Washington has learned with
great pleasure of the completion of the manuscript list of the Coleoptera
of the District of Columbia, by Henry Ulke,

Resolved, That the Society hereby respectfully recommends to the
Smithsonian Institution that this paper be published as soon as conven
ient as a first paper of a List of the Insect Fauna of the District of Colum
bia, remaining numbers to be prepared by the members of the Society.

The following new members were elected : Dr. W. J. Karl-
sioe, New York City (temporary address 821 Seventh St., Wash
ington, D. C.), and Dr. E. G. Love, So East 55th Street, New
York City.

The President appointed as a Publication Committee for the
year 1896, Messrs. Howard, Gill, Schwarz, Ashmead, and
Chitteriden.

Under the head of short notes and exhibition of specimens
Mr. Ashmead submitted a specimen of a new species of the genus
Roctronia of Provancher. This insect when originally described
by Provancher was placed by him in the Braconidas. Later he
decided that it was a Proctotrypicl near Helorus. Mr. Ashmead
recognized the specimen shown in a collection of Braconidas
received from the American Entomological Society. The spec
imen was a male and was from Southern California. Mr.
Ashmead from this specimen decided that Provancher was right
in considering the insect a Proctotrypid of the subfamily Helorinae.
He will describe it as Roctronia calif or nica.

Mr. Schwarz submitted two short notes for insertion in the
Proceedings ; the first one recorded the fact that Cresson in his
Hymenoptera Texana mentions the fact that Belfrage states that
Scolia lecontei rests during the night and chilly weather in clus
ters closely attached to the stems of grass and plants. The
other note recorded the fact that the Empid mentioned on page

OF WASHINGTON. 29

146 Volume II of the Proceedings of the Society has been
determined by Mr. Coquillett as Synechus rufus Klug.

Mr. Schwarz exhibited specimens of Pharaxonotha kirschi,
the type of which was found in seeds imported from Mexico to
Germany. The same insect Mr. Chittenden found living in
Central American exhibits at Chicago. The specimens shown
by Mr. Schwarz had been found under leaves at San Antonio,
Tex. He does not anticipate that it will become of economic
importance as suggested by Mr. Chittenden. Note discussed by
Mr. Chittenden.

Mr. Marlatt, under the title "A Study of the Anatomy of
the Hymenoptera," gave a comprehensive view of certain struc
tural features of the Tenthredinidas,* dwelling at much length
upon the homologies of the sclerites of the thorax. This paper
was discussed at some length by Messrs. Ashmead, Howard,
and more briefly by Messrs. Gill and Casey and Schwarz.

Mr. Schwarz spoke of a species of Termite which he had
found in great numbers throughout southwestern Texas, which
burrows deeply under the ground and which is of great economic
importance from the fact that during the latter part of summer
it destroys the grass and other low-growing vegetation in large
patches, rising from the ground and encasing all portions of the
plants w r ith a tubular structure composed of grains of the subsoil.
Short discussion followed on the subject of the habits of Termites,
in which Captain Casey referred to Dudley's interesting observa
tions on the Panama ants, and especially the observations by
Beaumont on the repair of the galleries. Mr. Vaughan stated
that in his opinion the Termite described by Mr. Schwarz may
be found as far north as Austin, since in the vicinity of Austin
he has noticed a tubular structure like that described by Mr.
Schwarz.

MARCH 18, 1896, SPECIAL MEETING.

President Marlatt occupied the chair, with Messrs. Schwarz,
Benton, Fernow, Patten, Linell, Gill, Chittenden, Coquillett,

* Published in Bull. 3, Techn. ser., Div. Entom., U. S. Dept. Agric. pp.
10-17.

30 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Ash mead, Sudworth, and Howard (active members), Dr.
Fletcher and Dr. Karlsioe (corresponding members), and Messrs.
Busck and Keffer (visitors), also present.

Dr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa, exhibited a small but inter
esting collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera, made on the high peaks
of the Rocky Mountains, at Laggan, close to the summit of the
Continental Divide. The specimens shown were mostly taken
by Mr. T. E. Bean, a most indefatigable and careful collector.
Critical notes were given upon the occurrence and specific value
of some of the insects exhibited. Chionobas beani, Ercbia
disa, Argynnis astarte (rediscovered by Mr. Bean), A. alberta,
A. frigga var. saga, Colias christina, Lyccena aquilo, were
spoken of and compared with their nearest allies. He also
exhibited a collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera made chiefly by
Mr. C. De Blois Green, in the Okanagan Valley of British
Columbia. It was pointed out that this district falls within the
upper austral life zone, as laid down by Dr. Merriam. Interest
ing data were given on the dimorphism of Papilio oregonia and
P. bairdii. Mr. W. H. Edwards's experiments in breeding both
forms from eggs laid by a single female were spoken of at length.
Colias (Emilia, a very fine species, of which the original types
were lost some years ago, but which has been found again by
Mr. Green in the Okanagan Valley, was exhibited and compared
with Colias edwardsii, C. alexandra, and C. christina. The
speaker considered it a grand species and quite distinct from the
allied species mentioned. Z^yccena couperi w r as shown and the
speaker stated that he was unable to find sufficient differences
between L. couperi, L. afra, L. pembina, L. lygdamas (of Ca
nadian collections) , L. oro and L. antiacis var. bchrii, to separate
them as distinct. Many other rare species of butterflies taken in
British Columbia were spoken of and an outbreak of the white
pine butterfly {Neophasia mcnapia) was treated of at some
length. The larvaB, in the elevated arid plateau which forms the
interior of British Columbia, feed entirely on the leaves of the
yellow or bull pine {Pimis ponderosa*}, while on Vancouver
Island, where this pine does not occur, the larvaB live on the
foliage of the Douglas spruce and do much harm. In both
places, where the insect was observed in large numbers, the

OF WASHINGTON. 31

pupae were found to be much parasitized by the Ichneumonid
Theronia fulvcscens. The descent of the full-grown larvae
from trees 100 feet high by a silken thread was described. Dr.
Fletcher also described a collecting trip in the mountain woods*
of Vancouver Island, and some of the rarer or more interesting
species collected were mentioned. He expressed his very great
pleasure at having an opportunity of attending a meeting of the
Society, and felt sure that the members who were fortunate
enough to live in Washington, undoubtedly the scientific centre
of the world as far as natural history was concerned, could not
appreciate to the full the difficulties which had to be overcome
by students living at a distance from such centres where assistance
could be obtained readily at all times.

In discussing Dr. Fletcher's paper, Mr. Marlatt spoke of the
great number of Tenthredinidas in British Columbia. Every
general collection of insects made in that region shows very many
species of Tenthredininae and Nematinae. It happens that these
groups are particularly difficult of study, and much rearing must
be done to definitely separate the species. Apropos to this
remark, Mr. Fletcher referred to the supposed predaceous habit
of Allantus and Tenthredo. Mr. Marlatt said that in these forms
the mouth-parts are very strong, but are apparently used more
for defence than for feeding. The adults are short-lived and
do not feed to any extent.

Mr. Howard stated that he had seen in the collection of the
Gypsy Moth Commission a specimen of Cimbex americana
which it was definitely stated had been found flying with the
larva of a gypsy moth in its grasp. Mr. Fletcher stated that he
had a specimen of Tenthredo with a dipterous insect in its jaws.
Mr. Marlatt said that the explanation of such occurrences was
probably to the effect that the Cimbex had happened to alight on
a spot already occupied by another insect and that the movements
of the latter had induced the Cimbex to grasp it, but not for
food. These saw-flies are pugnacious.

Mr. Schwarz added some remarks on the present knowledge
and distribution of the Coleoptera of British Columbia. The
fauna of the islands and the adjacent coast of the mainland is
merely a southward continuation of the Alaskan coast fauna. It
represents a very marked subdivision of the transition zone, rich

32 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in characteristic genera and species, and may be said to be well
known, except that the higher mountain ranges are not yet
explored. No Coleoptera from the Cascade range (the coast
"range of British Columbia) have been recorded, but to judge from
a collection made by Mr. H. G. Hubbard and himself at North
Bend, in the Frazer River canon, it would appear that this fauna,
as a whole, is the same as that of the island region, although in
some features it resembles the fauna of the Cascade range of
Washington and Oregon. The fauna of the dry plateau of the
interior of British Columbia is almost entirely unexplored, but
seems to belong to the transition zone connecting the boreal
fauna with the eastern section of the sonoran fauna. The upper
sonoran fauna possibly enters the southern portion of the prov
ince. Of the three ranges of the Rocky Mountain system
which are crossed by the Canadian Pacific railroad, the western
most one viz., the Gold Range is, entomologically, entirely un
explored. On the Selkirks and the Rocky Mountains proper,
collections have been made which show that the fauna is entirely
boreal and almost identical with the boreal fauna of the Lake
Superior region.

Mr. Ash mead, referring to the interesting case of dimorphism
in the Diurnals, mentioned by Mr. Fletcher, said that in his
opinion these phenomena are primarily brought about by the dif
fering character of the different seasons in regard to the rain-fall.
In Mississippi, he had noticed, with Hcliothis armiger that the
dark variety came with the rainy season, the light variety being
most abundant in dry weather. He had also noticed that with
other species the forms inhabiting dryer regions were lighter in
color than those inhabiting regions where the rain-fall was abun
dant. He thinks that perhaps we can explain many cases of
dimorphism in this way.

Under the head of exhibition of specimens and short notes,
Mr. Schwarz exhibited a bottle, brought by Mr. Fletcher, which
contained two Coleoptera found in red pepper at Victoria,
Vancouver Island. One of these was the common Tribolimn
ferruginetim, ordinarily found in such situations, while the
other was Trigonogenius farctus Lee.*

*Mr. Schvvarz'is remarks on this insect are printed in Canad. Ent. 28,
No. 7, July, 1896, p. 177-178.

OF WASHINGTON. 33

Mr. Schwarz also called attention to a note in the February
number of Psyche in regard to Epitrix parvula as injuring
tobacco. The yellow spots in tobacco leaves, which are sup
posed to add to the value cf the leaf in cigar-making, are said to
be produced by this insect. The speaker, however, said that
this insect eats through the leaf and that these yellow spots are
due to fungus.

Mr. Ashmead exhibited an ant which he thought to be a
female of Labidus. The specimen was from the National
Museum and labelled Texas. No females of this genus have
hitherto been found.

// APRIL n, 1896.

This meeting was held in Baltimore at the invitation of Dr. P.
R. Uhler.

In the absence of the President and both Vice-Presidents, Dr.
Stiles was made chairman. Aside from Dr. Stiles, Messrs.
Uhler, Schwarz, Test, Bcnton, Mann, Patten, Ashmead, Heide-
mann, and Howard, with Dr. Henry Skinner of Philadelphia
and Messrs. A. Roessler and R. Roessler of Baltimore, were
also present.

Under the head of exhibition of specimens, Mr. Howard
showed specimens of a Margarodes from South Africa which
had been sent him for determination by the newly appointed
Government Entomologist of the Cape Colony, Mr. C. P.
Lounsbury. So far as can be determined from these cysts alone,
the species appears to be identical with Margarodes vitium
Giard, hitherto known only from Chile and Argentina. In the
Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, M. Valery
Mayet is said to have announced the rearing of the male in
Argentina by M. Marval. From his own observations Valery
Mayet concludes that the male appears only once in a number of
years. He himself has kept specimens in the encysted state for
six years, in healthy condition. He further states that, now that
the insect has been found in Argentina, the Cordilleras no longer
offer a barrier to its spread, since from the locality given hides,
wool, bones, hair, and dried blood are extensively shipped to

34 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Europe. In view of this statement the discovery of the insect
in South Africa is very interesting, since from this country the
exports to Europe are very great. The insect is much more
liable to be carried to other parts of the world in earth around
the roots of plants than in any other way. There seems to be
strong reason for believing that it injures the roots of the vine.

Mr. Schwarz asked whether the specimens of Margarodes
collected by Mr. Swingle in south Florida had been determined.
Mr. Howard said that the species seemed, from the encysted
form, to be identical with the one found in Jamaica, which,
however, was different from the St. Vincent species described
by Guilding as Margarodes formicarum.

Mr. Schwarz exhibited two species of Rhynchophorous
Coleoptera to illustrate two modes of variation brought about
by different disposition and development of the scales. The
first species is Coleocerus marmoratus. Some specimens are
uniformly covered with large white scales, which, in other spec
imens, are replaced in spots by brown scales, which are usually
smaller than the white ones. These brown spots are quite con
stant in their position but vary greatly in extent. This mode of
variation is frequent among the Otiorhynchidae, e. g., in the
genera Epicaerus and Sciopithes. The second species exhibited
is an undescribecl Tychius, extremely abundant on dead twigs of
Prosopis full 'flora in southwestern Texas. Some specimens
have the elytra beautifully variegated with spots and lines com
posed of large white scales, the rest of the elytra being covered
with narrower and darker scales. In other specimens the elytra
are apparently much less scaly, the scales being grayish-white
and more or less hair-like. Between these scales a spongy mass
covers the surface of the elytra, and a high magnifying power
shows that this mass represents the large white scales in a col
lapsed or undeveloped condition. Mr. Schwarz explained that
in these specimens the development of the scales had apparently
been arrested and the surface of the pupa hardened before the
air had inflated the scales and before the coloring pigment had
entered the same.

Mr. Schwarz also exhibited three species of CurculionidiE
which were bred in great numbers of specimens from the seeds

OF WASHINGTON. 35

of Xantkoxylum pterota at San Diego, Texas. These are
Apion, n. sp., allied to A. gibbosum Sharp, from Mexico;
Anthonoimis leucostictus Dietz and Anthonomus n. sp. allied
to A. elcgans Lee. The seeds of the plant were also shown
and Mr. Schwarz commented upon their small size when com
pared with that of the weevils infesting them. The growth of
the seeds is apparently not at all interfered with by the working
of the larvae. A fourth Curculionid, Pachybaris n. sp., is also
peculiar to the same plant, but its mode of life has not been
ascertained.

Mr. Benton spoke of finding two honey-bees impaled on
thorns of a locust tree at Charlton Heights, Md. One was
stuck through the thorax and the other through the abdomen.
He thought they must have been blown against the thorns dur
ing a high wind.

Dr. Skinner read a paper embodying his views on specific
values, illustrating his remarks with many examples drawn from
the Rhopalocera, and taking for his text the statement that mor
phological species are tentative and must be tested by study of
the life-history.*

Mr. Benton remarked that he had noticed a curious similarity
in general color of species of bees to the general color effect of
the soil or surroundings in different oriental countries. Dr.
Skinner said that if enough material of any species of butterfly
could be submitted to him, he could tell pretty accurately from
what part of the world the species came.

Mr. Ashmead read a communication on the genera Stepha-
nus, Megischus and Megalyra and their position in the Hymen-
optera. He concluded that the family Stephanidae does not
deserve such rank, and that all three genera should be placed
among the Braconida3, in a subfamily which he called Stepha-
ninae.

Mr. Uhler offered some remarks on the " Schlussfeld " or
basal fold of the wings of Cicadidas. He called attention to the
cross-veining in the fold of a new and peculiar Melampsalta

*Dr. Skinner's paper is published in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, No.
3, pp. 107-118, under the title ''Impressions received from a study of our
North American Rhopalocera."

36 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

from Japan and noticed the special stiffening of this part by a
stout curved vein, similar to that in the genus Cicadetta of Eu
rope. Nothing like this has been recorded of the American
species, many of which are equally narrow bodied and have
short wings.

Mr. Benton presented a communication upon the proposed
introduction of Apis dorsata into the United States, giving an
account of previous attempts and particularly of his own journey
to Ceylon, in which he described his efforts to secure the bee,
and, at some length, the habits of the bee itself and the character
of its nests. He desired the opinion of the Society as to the
possibility of the successful introduction of this bee into the
United States, and on the desirability of such an introduction.
In answer to a question by Mr. Mann, Mr. Benton said that
the species could not be brought over by the usual method of
bringing a queen in a queen cage. Here the only chance is to
bring over full colonies. Mr. Ashmead suggested that the intro
duction of this large strong bee might have a disastrous effect upon
Apis mellijica. Mr. Benton, however, said that he had intro
duced hives of mellifica into Ceylon, and that during his stay
on the island these colonies did not appear to suffer from associa
tion with Apis dorsata. Dr. Skinner thought that it possibly
might be a good exchange even if mellijica should suffer, pro
viding we can domesticate dorsata. Mr. Schwarz was of the
opinion that Apis dorsata would not drive out A. mellijica,
since the latter is become so strong and so perfectly adapted to
domestication. The climate, he thought, would be the most
serious difficulty, and he doubted whether there are any portions
of the United States where A. dorsata would thrive. Frosts, he
thought, would be fatal to it, since it has in Ceylon no hibernat
ing period. Mr. Benton, however, said that Apis dorsata is
reported to occur far north in Hindustan and that A. mellijica
itself originally came from Palestine and has accommodated itself
to the climate of regions far to the north. Dr. Stiles said that,
as a general rule, smaller species are more persistent, and doubted
whether dorsata would successfully compete with mellijica for
that reason.

OF WASHINGTON. 37

MAY 7, 1896.

Vice-President Gill in the chair, and Messrs. Benton, Ashmead,
Busck, Fernow, Schwarz, Howard, Stiles, and W. B. King also
present.

Under the head of exhibition of specimens, Mr. Schwarz
exhibited once more the wasp impaled upon a thorn, which he
had sent from Texas last spring, and which was exhibited by
Mr. Howard at the June meeting of the Society. Mr. Schwarz
said that there could be no doubt that this insect was impaled by
the loggerhead shrike. A majority of the vegetation in that part
of Texas is thorny, and these shrikes are very abundant. He
found no insects impaled in April, but after May 21 a species
of Canthon appeared in myriads and the birds impaled many
hundreds of these. Later, a variety of insects were impaled,
grasshoppers and spiders in numbers, and also lizards and horned
toads. He never saw the birds eat the creatures thus impaled ;
they appeared to do it just for fun. Since the introduction of
barbed wire fences the birds have become accustomed to impale
insects upon the barbs.

Mr. Ashmead said that in Florida in August and later the
orange trees are rilled with insects, lizards, and toads impaled
by the shrikes. Mr. Howard said that the fact that this insect
was impaled by the centre of the head suggested that it might
have flown violently against the thorn. Mr. Benton referred to
the bees mentioned by him at the last meeting and gave many
reasons for supposing that they were impaled by being blown
against the thorns during a high gale of wind. Mr. Schwarz
doubted this, but said that certain large Lamellicorns are often
caught on sharp grasses in Florida. Dr. Gill spoke at some
length upon the habits of the shrikes and said that insects impaled
by force of wind must be very rare. In answer to a question,
he said that this habit of the shrikes, owing to the fact that they
do not seem to return for food purposes to the insects thus impaled,
is evidently a persistence of a. former useful habit. Mr. Busck
stated that he had seen lizards partially eaten before being pinned.

Mr. Howard presented some notes on ScutelUsta cyanea,
an insect which had probably been imported from the orient into

38 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Italy about the middle of the century and which there is a com
mon parasite of Ceroplastes rusci. He announced that with
the help of Professor Berlese, of Portici, he expected to be able
to introduce this insect into Florida in the hope that it will prey
upon species of Ceroplastes which exist there.*

Mr. Ashmead spoke of the tropical appearance of this insect
and gave his opinion as to its systematic position. He said that
it would be a valuable importation into Florida for the reason
that the Ceroplastes scales, while ordinarily affecting plants of
little value, were occasionally found upon the orange and orna
mental box.

Some discussion followed as to the work of Motschulsky, the
author of the genus, and particularly of his descriptions of
American insects.

Mr. Schwarz read the following paper :

TERMITID^E OBSERVED IN SOUTHWESTERN TEXAS IN 1895.
By E. A. SCHWARZ.

1. Termes ftavipes Kollar. Common throughout southwest
ern Texas and very destructive to wood-work in houses. An
immense swarm of winged individuals issued from several houses
at San Diego on October 25. I was informed that in early
spring another flight takes place in buildings infested by termites.
What appears to be the same species is also common in sticks
and branches lying on the ground in the chaparral, but I failed to
get the winged form from such situations.

2. Termes lucifugus Rossi. A large swarm of winged indi
viduals attended by numerous soldiers was observed by me to
issue from several holes on a sidewalk in the outskirts of Beeville
on November i. The day was very cold and no flight took
place. Upon digging in the ground a few workers were also
obtained from the same colony.

I ascertained that the winged form from Texas agreed per
fectly with Hagen's description of the European T. lucifugus,
but would not have dared to publish this determination upon this
evidence alone. Mr. D. W. Coquillett, however, informs me
that Dr. Hagen gave him this name for the common South Cali-
fornian Termes, and I also learn that Dr. Hagen determined so a
species from Central America for Mr. Dudley.

Should the identity of our species with T. lucifugus be estab-

* Rivista dalla Patologia Vegetale, v, No. i, 1896.

OF WASHINGTON. 39

lished beyond a doubt, an interesting question would be pre
sented, viz., is T. lucifugus a native of Europe or of America?
Of course, it may have been introduced from Europe into North
or Central America at an early date, but in looking over the his
tory of the species as detailed by Dr. Hagen in his Monograph
the reverse appears to be more probable. The species occurs in
all Mediterranean countries of Europe, as well as in Hungary
and western France, causing at times considerable damage ; but
previous to the year 1797 it never attracted any attention ; nor is
the occurrence of a termite in Europe ever mentioned by the
older authors. Dr. Robe-Moreau,* in 1843, raised the question
whether T. lucifugus could be an importation from America, but
left it undecided. Dr. Hagen adds that " at any rate such trans
portation is not impossible, " but in his subsequent writings he never
returned to this subject. A study of the inquilines of this species,
if there be any, would definitely settle this question. T. lucifu
gus^ so far as known to me, has no inquilines in Europe, and if
we should succeed in finding among this species in Central or
North America peculiar inquilines /. ., termitophilous insects
which do not occur among any other species of termites, then
the home of T. lucifugus would be America.

The first notice of the occurrence of this species is in Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xix, p. 73, 1877, where Dr. Hagen
determines a termite collected by Baron Osten Sacken at
Manitou, Colo., as belonging "to a new species, which, singu
larly enough, comes nearest to the Termes lucifugus of Europe."
Besides the species found at Los Angeles, Cala., by Mr. Coquil-
lett, I have seen numerous others collected at Manhattan, Kans.,
by Mr. Marlatt.

Workers and soldiers of T. flavipes and T. lucifugus appear
to be indistinguishable, but the images can readily be separated.

3. Termes tub if or mans Buckley. This is the grass-destroy
ing and tube-constructing species referred to on p. of these
Proceedings. It is extremely abundant throughout southwestern
Texas, occurring, in the spring beneath and within patches of
cow dung, and after midsummer in the tubes around grass
halms and the stems of other plants. I have never found the
true nest, but it is evident that it must be looked for deep in the
ground. The species never occurs in logs or other woodwork.
Only the workers are known to me ; they differ conspicuously
from those of T. flavipcs and lucifugus by the dirty, grayish-
white color of the head. Buckley describes (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phil., I, p. 213-215) the worker, soldier, and supposed female,
but his description contains so many glaring errors that no

* See Hagen's Monogr. d. Termiten, Linn. Ent., 10, p. 135.

40 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

reliance can be placed in any of his statements, and it is more
than probable that he confounded several species. It is certainly
very strange that at no occasion winged specimens have been
found which could be referred to this interesting and economic
ally important species.

4. Eutermes nigriceps Haldeman. I do not hesitate in iden
tifying Haldeman's Termes nigriceps (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila.
1853, p. 365), described from western Mexico, with a species
of Eutermes tolerably abundant throughout southwestern Texas.
Buckley's description of Eutermes cinereus (Proc. Ent. Soc. I,
1862, p. 212, 213) agrees with my specimens, but his account of
the mode of occurrence and habits greatly differs from my obser
vations. Both Haldeman and Buckley describe only the work
ers and nasuti. Haldeman was informed by his correspondent
that ''this small species constructs nests, apparently of cow's
dung, which are attached to the trunks of trees." Buckley ob
served his species in San Saba and adjoining counties of Texas.
He says :

"It was about sunset on the 22d of October, 1860, when I first saw this
species in a field where both worker and nasuti were carrying home seeds
of grasses and weeds. They marched in dense columns along pathways
leading to a hole near the base of a stump, into which they entered. . . .
They dwell in the ground, where they have rooms, seldom more than one
to two inches long, connected by tunnels. . . . After rains which are of
rare occurrence in that climate they make semi-cylindrical tubes, which
lie on the surface of the ground to the length of from three to six inches.
These arched ways sometimes intersect each other, being connected with
chambers below; they rarely work by day above the surface, and never in
the bright sunshine. In June, 1861, in Llano County, I saw them carry
ing home dry segments of post oak leaves of the preceding year's growth."

I found this species throughout spring and fall in smaller or
larger colonies, usually within tolerably dry cow's dung, in which
it constructs long and winding galleries. Other colonies were
seen under fence boards lying on the ground, and one under a
large Polyporus lying on the ground. The species is much
more active than any other termite known to me, and closely re
sembles in its movements one of the wingless Psocids. The
colonies are composed of workers and nasuti, the former being
much more numerous than the latter. In no instance has a
single larva or sexed individual ever been seen in such situations.
It must be inferred, therefore, that the true nest is deep in the
ground.

On May 31 a flight of termites took place on the public square
of the town of San Diego during a rain storm. I failed to find the
exact spot from which the swarms issued, but the specimens proved

OF WASHINGTON. 41

to belong to Eutermes. Since no other species of this genus was
ever seen by me in southwestern Texas, I infer that these winged
specimens belong to Eutermes nigriceps. They agree well
with Hagen's description of Tcrmcs (Eutermes} fumosus
from Vera Cruz, Mexico (Linn. Ent., 14, p. 123), of which Dr.
Hagen himself thinks that it may be the winged form of Halde-
man's species.

5. Calotermes ?narginicollis Latreille. A few winged spec
imens of this common Mexican species were attracted by light
in houses at San Diego after the rain on May 21, and some other
individuals deprived of wings were found running about during
subsequent days.

In addition to these Texan species, Mr. Schwarz exhibited
and commented upon the following Termites : i . Substitute
queens of Termes flavipes with very short wing-pads found by

r. Hubbard at Enterprise, Florida. 2. Workers of Termopsis
angusticollis Walk., from Lake Tahoe, Cal. 3. An undescribed
Termitid genus from Haw Creek, Fla., of which workers,
soldiers, and young imagos were found, in June, in a dead palmetto
tree. The genus is closely allied to Termopsis, but the antennae
of the imagos are only i6-jointed and the wing venation very
fine. The soldiers are remarkable from the form of the head,
which is of comparatively small size but vertical anteriorly, the
vertical surface being excavated and acutely margined.

This paper was discussed by Messrs. Benton, Ashmead, and
Schwarz.

Mr. Benton, referring to the rarity of queens in Termes, and
the argument that Mr. Schwarz had advanced that the frequent
moving of the colonies would necessitate such rarity, said that
the case might be similar to that which holds with the honey
bee and with Melipona and Trigona, where the stimulating food
is withheld so as to limit development of eggs previous to swarm
ing, in order to enable the queen to fly. Mr. Schwarz, however,
said that it was utterly impossible that the queens of Termites
could move. Mr. Ashmead, regarding the introduction of
Termes lucifugus from Europe to America, or vice versa,
mentioned Mr. Schwarz's argument that the presence or absence
of inquilines might indicate the country of its origin, but stated
that with inquilines it must be somewhat as with parasites, and

42 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

that with these we find that the same species of parasite will
affect all of the species of the same genus. He further spoke of
Caratomus, a supposed Chalcidid parasite of Termes, and of its
European and American distribution, and asked as to the European
distribution of Termes flavipes.

Mr. Schwarz replied \ha\. jlavipes was introduced many years
ago into the greenhouse at Schonbrunn, and that it was originally
described from specimens taken in this greenhouse. He was
not aware, however, whether it had spread from this point in
Europe. In North America T. jiavipes occurs throughout
the austral and transition regions and in northern California.
As to inquilines, only very small colonies of termites are likely
to be transported from one country to another, and as inquilines
occur usually only in main nests, it is not likely that they would be
transported, therefore the occurrence or non-occurrence of in
quilines is likely to be good evidence of the question of the orig
inal home of a species.

The following paper was presented for publication in the
Proceedings :

A POD-INHABITING LONGICORN FOUND AT THE COLUM
BIAN EXPOSITION.

By F. H. CHITTENDEN and M. L. LINELL.

Among the Coleoptera collected by Mr. Chittenden at the
World's Columbian Exposition, there was one of peculiar interest
biologically in being the first longicorn, to our knowledge, breed
ing in a seed or seecl-pod. Two perfect adults and a few frag
ments were taken from jars containing the pods of one or more
species of Enterolobium, a leguminous plant native to Paraguay.

These pods are reniform, about three inches or more long and
nearly as wide, from a quarter to three-eighths of an inch thick,
and of a woody consistency. A large proportion of the pods
showed the exit holes of the beetles, all but a few having escaped
before the pods were placed on exhibition, and it is not unlikely
that the longicorn began breeding in them while they were
still green. Some of the pods which were cut open contained
specimens of the beetles which had died in their cells. Most of
the pods had been extensively tunnelled, the castings of the
borer presenting the same stringy appearance as those of a true
wood-boring cerambycid. One of these pods which was pre
served intact contains four exit holes distributed at nearly equal

OF WASHINGTON. 43

distances upon the concave, and probably under, surface of the
pod along its outer margin. The exit holes are oval in shape,
about two-thirds as broad as long, and present such a great varia
tion in size that we may expect to find a nearly similar variation
in the beetle. The smallest exit hole measures 5mm. in length ;
the largest is double that size. It should be mentioned in pass
ing that a Bruchus of unknown identity breeds in the seeds of
the same plant.

The species agrees in all essential characters with the genus
Baryssinus of Bates,* differing from the genus Lepturgusf of the
same author in the ciliate antennas, and with centrobasal carina
on the elytra. As the species has very evidently not hitherto
been described, the following specific description is appended :

BARYSSINUS LEGUMINICOLA Linell n. sp.

Body broad, ferruginous, densely covered with fine sericeous cinereous
pubescence. Antennae twice as long as body, sparsely ciliate beneath,
joints 3 to ii paler at base, infuscate at apex. Front quadrangular.
Thorax Avith lateral spines slightly behind middle, strong, very acute;
sides rounded and convergent in front of the spines, strongly constricted
behind them ; discs uneven, but without any distinct callosities, maculate
with light brown and golden pubescence and two larger dark brown spots
anteriorly; a line of coarse black punctures alo'ng the basal constriction,
along the apical margin, around the tubercles, and a few scattered ones on
the disc each side of the median line. Scutellum large, truncate at apex.
Elytra broad, sides straightly convergent from the base, rounded at apical
fourth, apices truncate with sutural angles rounded, external angles sub-
acute; disc with a broad semicircular depression before middle, maculate
with smaller and larger brownish black spots, and some golden spots,
mostly collected in a strongly angular, transverse fascia across the middle ;
centrobasal ridges distinct, crested with black hairs; punctures muricate
at base, coarser and denser on the flattened surface behind the crests and
humeri and gradually finer and obsolete towards apex. Ventral surface
uniform in color. Last dorsal segment slightly produced beyond elytra,
emarginate at apex (9)- Legs brown, annulated with pale ferruginous on
base of femora, middle of tibiae and base of metatarsus.

Dimensions. Length 8.5 mm. Width 3.5 mm.

Habitat. Paraguay. Described from a single example, prob-
.ably female, taken at the Columbian Exposition in Novem
ber, 1893. Type No. 1025 in the U. S. Nat. Museum collection.

*Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1864, ser. 3, vol. XIII, p. 43.
fThis is the correct spelling 1. c . 1863, vol. XII, p. 367.

44 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

/'*' JUNE 4, 1896.

President Marlatt in the chair and Messrs. Benton, Patten,
Stiles, Busck, Ashmead, Schwarz, Howard, Gill, Vaughan,
Judd, Heiclemann, and M. G. Motter and F. S. Chapin also
present.

Dr. M. G. Motter was elected an active member of the Society.

Under the head of exhibition of specimens, Mr. Ashmead
showed a specimen of the genus Cardiochiles of Nees, which he
had obtained from Schmiedeknecht, and stated that he found
it to be identical with Say's genus Toxoneura. It will replace
Say's genus and be a type of a subfamily distinct from the
Microgasterinae. He also showed a wasp collected by Mrs.
Slosson at Lake Worth, Fla., which is extremely minute and
which will form the type of a new r genus of Larridae. He \\ 7 ill
call the new genus Nitelopterus.

Mr. Howard exhibited a specimen of an adult and cocoon
of Attacus jorulla Westwood, and stated that the cocoon had
been received from an apothecary in Monterey, Mexico, with the
statement that the natives hung them about their necks to prevent
the growth of beard.

Mr. Schwarz exhibited specimens of Atimia confusa Say,
a Longicorn beetle, previously taken in the Lake Superior region,
in the District of Columbia, and in northern Texas, but whose
food-habits were not previously recorded. The speaker and
Mr. Hubbard had recently ascertained that it attacks Juniper in
the District of Columbia.

Mr. Schwarz also exhibited specimens of Lachnosterna
cribrosa Lee. from Texas. He spoke at some length on the
habits of the species, showing that it feeds on the ground, does
not climb, comes out before dark, and is a serious enemy of
garden vegetables. There seems to be two parallel series of
broods, one issuing later than the other. The species can be
checked by ditching, since it is wingless.

Mr. Marlatt presented a communication entitled " Notes on
Texas Insects," relating to some of the common insects of south
western Texas which came to his notice in the course of a trip
in that region in the latter part of April and the first of May.
He reports that the collecting was poor, owing to the occurrence

OF WASHINGTON. 45

of a severe and protracted drought and was only fair in such of
the arroyos as had not been pastured by stock. Among the
Lepidoptera referred to were the following : Oeta aurea
( = compta}, which in the north breeds very abundantly on
Ailanthus, was found in enormous numbers on flowers in the
lower Nueces Valley in spite of the fact that the only food-plant
known for it does not occur in this region, indicating that it
breeds on some local plant. Three butterflies were exhibited
which seemed to be, at the season mentioned, the principal repre
sentatives of the Rhopalocera, viz : Synckloe lacinia, Eresia
ianthe, both distinctive Texan forms, and Phyciodes cammellus,
a species which feeds on Aster, and is represented in the national
collection now by specimens from Colorado and Utah. This
last was the most abundant species, occurring everywhere in
numbers. He referred also to the reported very abundant mi
grations during the week or two before his visit of a white
butterfly, which proved from the few scattered individuals still
remaining to be Pieris protodice. It was suggested that this
species had probably bred in excessive numbers on cabbage and
as this vegetable was then harvested the migration was a forced
one from the failure of the food supply. Among the Hemiptera
referred to were the common Cactus Capsid, Lobos hesperius,
which was very abundant on Opuntia engelmanni ; Lioderuia
ligata, which seemed to be a distinctive enemy of the "wild
currant " {Berber is trifoliata) ; Oncer ometopus confluens
(?), which was found very abundantly on the pods and termi
nals of the " coral bean" (Sophora secundijlora} north of San
Antonio, and the sharp-shooter (ffomalodisca coagulata],
which was collected in enormous numbers, in all stages of devel
opment, in arroyos, on various flowering plants, but chiefly on a
species of Monarda. In the Hymenoptera, the extreme rarity of
bumble-bees was commented on, only a single specimen (J3om-
bus pennsylvam'cus} being secured. A number of other dis
tinctive Hymenoptera were exhibited, and particular mention
was made of Panisctis geminatus, the sting of a representative
of which was reported by Mr. L. A. Bitterman, of Nuecestown, to
have resulted in a very serious tumor. This insect is known
commonly in Texas as the " candle fly," and in the instance re-

46 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

ferred to was attracted to a lamp, and stung Mr. Bitterman on
the neck. Serious inflammation soon resulted, which, in the
course of a few days, developed into a swelling. The swelling
increased in size until it became a bag six or eight inches long,
and the difficulty did not disappear for over six months, at one
time seeming to threaten fatal results. Various Coleoptera and
Diptera were also exhibited. Among the latter the common
characteristic dipterous insect of the season was Volucclla mexi-
cana. The very injurious cattle pest ( Compsomyia macellaria}
was also collected in numbers by beating. The troublesome
mosquito of the season was determined from specimens taken at
San Antonio as Culex pungens, the bite of which resulted in a
very disagreeable inflammation. A few of the more common
Coleoptera were exhibited, and particularly Pasimaclius cali-
fornicus, which has a local reputation of being one of the most
poisonous insects in Texas, and goes by the common name of
" Cucurazza."

The paper was discussed by Messrs. Schwarz, Howard, Ash-
mead, Benton, and Patton.

Mr. Schwarz said that as to butterfly migrations in southwest
ern Texas he could not speak from personal experience, but he
had heard from several persons that this phenomenon is not a
rare* one, especially in the spring, and that several species of
Rhopalocera are concerned in these movements. One of these
species is no doubt the Archippus butterfly, which is not to be
seen in southwestern Texas during the early summer, but is
again extremely numerous during October and November, on its
return migration. Regarding the sting inflicted by Paniscus
geminatus, he expressed some doubt that it should produce seri
ous consequences ; he suggested that the sting was inflicted by a
Pirates or allied genus of Heteroptera, which are frequently
attracted by light. Regarding Pasimachus californicus, Mr.
Schwarz said that this and the allied P. duplicates are greatly
dreaded by the Mexicans throughout southwestern Texas, and
the death of numerous persons is attributed to the bite of these
beetles. Two other large Carabidas, a Calosoma and a Dicaelus,
which occur abundantly in company with the Pasimachus, are
not considered as poisonous. In the English-speaking portion
of southwestern Texas, along the San Antonio and Aransas

OF WASHINGTON. 47

Pass Railroad, this superstition is unknown, but here the un
fortunate Pasimachus, popularly known as " shear-bug," has the
reputation of being greatly injurious to grape vine and vegetables
by cutting the young plants. Mr. Schwarz regretted that on ac
count of his non-acquaintance with the Spanish language he had
been unable to gather the numerous superstitions regarding vari
ous insects prevailing throughout southwestern Texas, for it was
evident that many of these stories must be of very ancient origin.
The story of the poisonous quality of Mantis is also of Mexican
origin and has found its way as far north as Missouri and Kan
sas. Mr. Schwarz added that at least two species of Hippelates
deserve to be counted among the commonest insects in south
western Texas. H. plebejus, though quite troublesome in some
localities, is not such an annoying pest as H. eulophus (deter
mined by Mr. Coquillett), which is about in clouds during
May and June wherever the soil is sandy. Both Texan species
are much less in the habit of getting into the corners of the eyes
than the Floridian H. flavipes, but they are hardly less trouble
some by crawling into the nose, ears, and beneath the clothing.

Mr. Howard referred to Mr. Marlatt's statement that the
mosquitoes which bit him at Corpus Christi poisoned him, while
those by which he had been bitten in Washington, D. C., did
not poison him, and stated that the observation was very extra
ordinary for the reason that the species collected by Mr. Marlatt
( Culex pungens} was identical with the commonest of the mos
quitoes at Washington, D. C. He jocularly suggested the pos
sibility that the Texas mosquitoes carried contagion, and further
suggested that perhaps Mr. Marlatt was not bitten by a mos
quito at all, but by some other insect.

Mr. Ashmead referred to the sting of Paniscus and stated that
he had several times been stung by Ichneumon flies of the sub
family Ophioninse. He suggested that it was not remarkable
that extraordinary effects were produced in the Texas case, since
these insects are attracted to decaying animal and vegetable mat
ter and might have carried bacteria to the patient which caused
blood-poisoning.

Mr. Benton referred to the species of Monarda mentioned by
Mr. Marlatt and stated that it is a great honey plant.

48 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Mr. Schwarz added some remarks on the insects living on
mesquite (Prosopis juliflora} and cactus {Opuntia engel-
manni} in southwestern Texas. The mesquite is abundant
throughout the lower Sonoran region, but the insect fauna peculiar
to this plant is much richer in species in southwestern Texas than in
New Mexico, Arizona, and further west. With Opuntia engel-
manni the same may be observed, the range of the plant being
not identical with that of the insects living upon it. Among the
mesquite insects, two species are extremely abundant and of especial
economic importance, viz., Chrysobothris octocola and Cyllene
crim'corm's,ihe\ai-vze of which are greatly destructive to the sap-
wood of the larger trunks when these are cut down for build
ing purposes or for use as fuel. The engines of the National
Mexican railroad use mesquite as fuel, and consequently these
tw r o beetles, with their numerous parasites and other insect ene
mies and inquilines, are constantly carried from Mexico into Texas,
and vice versa. Of the Opuntia insects, the most important are
the larvae of Monilema working underground in the roots, the
most abundant species being a race of M. crassum. Clumps of
plants infested by them can at once be recognized from their
stunted growth. Above ground the stems are sometimes de
stroyed by a combined attack of certain Diptera and Coleoptera.
An undescribed little Ortalid fly breeds in the stems, apparently
without injury to the plant, but after the flies have emerged the
small cavities wherein they developed are used by two species
of Acalles (nobilis and turbidus} for oviposition. Their larvae
considerably enlarge the cavities, and after they have finished
their transformation the stems are occupied by the larvae of the
Syrphid Copestylum marginaium, which convert the interior of
the stem into a badly-smelling fluid.

OF WASHINGTON. 49

(I? OCTOBER 8, 1896.

Vice-President Gill in the chair and Messrs. Schwarz, Hub-
bard, Ashmead, Mann, Benton, Heidemann, Pratt, Johnson,
Motter, Howard, Fernow, Ulke, and C. R. Linfoot also present.

The Chairman announced the death, on August 9th, of Mr.
Henry F. Schoenborn, who had been a member of the Society
for something more than a year. He said that Mr. Schoenborn
had been a resident of Washington for more than 40 years, and
that he possessed the largest private collection of Lepidoptera in
the city. He paid a tribute to Mr. Schoenborn's excellent quali
ties as a man, and especially to his generosity as a collector.
His knowledge of local forms in the Lepidoptera was probably
greater than that of any other Washington entomologist.

Under the head of "Exhibition of Specimens," Mr. Ash-
mead showed a female Thynnid, which he had found in the
National Museum collection labelled "Alameda County, Cali
fornia," by Koebele. This is the first North American species
of this family, with the exception of a male recorded by Patton,
also from California. Mr. Ashmead's specimen will form the
type of a new genus resembling the South American form
Aleurus. He will call it Glyptometo-pa americana.

Mr. Howard suggested that both Mr. Ashmead's specimen
and that mentioned by Patton were possibly imported individuals
from either Australia or South America, in which suggestion
Mr. Schwarz agreed, stating that both specimens were taken
shortly after Mr. Koebele's return from successful trips to Aus
tralia.

Dr. Gill spoke of the former connection between the Austra
lian, African, and South American continents, and of the
hitherto known distribution of the Thynnidas as dependent upon
this former connection. He thought that the fact that the new
genus belongs to the South American type is confirmatory of
the idea that it is a native form and that we have simply an in
stance of the northward extension of the range of the family.

Mr. Heidemann exhibited a drawing of the winged male of
Rheumatobates rileyi, showing that the description of the

50 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

species must now be revised. In his opinion Rheumatobates is
more closely allied to Stephania than to Halobates, as suggested
by Meinert. The distribution of 7?. rileyi is now Long Island,
Ithaca, N. Y., Knoxville, Tenn., Chesapeake & Ohio Canal,
above Washington, D. C., and Potomac River, also above
Washington, D. C. It is probably a wide-spread species. He
referred to the finding of a congeneric species in Grenada and its
description by Meinert, and also to the erection of another genus
from the same species by Uhler. Mr. Ashmead said that while
in the Halobatidae winged forms are rare, he is inclined to be
lieve that in long warm seasons winged forms may appear in
nearly all species.

Mr. Pratt exhibited specimens of the curious spine-like cases
of Coleophora octagonella Walsingham, taken from orange by
Mr. Hubbard, and exactly resembling the thorns of orange.
Mr. Hubbard stated that this case is made of excremental pellets
voided by the larva and gave details of its construction. Mr.
Ashmead stated that the same species is found upon scrub oak
in Florida. When he first saw it he took it for a remarkable
gall. Its presence upon oak negatives the idea that the resem
blance to a thorn is protective. Mr. Hubbard stated that he had
found the cases upon many different trees. He thought that the
thorn resemblance was originally protective and that probably the
species acquired it on orange of some similar thorny plant,
and subsequently extended its food range. Mr. Ashmead
referred to the fact that the native food of Papilio cresphontes in
Florida is the prickly ash, yet larvae taken from orange will not feed
on ash. This indicates that the food-habit change is of long
acquirement. Mr. Schwarz had seen the same species upon
Xanthoxylum in Texas, but had never seen it upon orange in
that locality. Mr. Pratt stated that in the National Museum col
lection there are four or five cases like those exhibited, but darker
in color, and labelled as coming from apple. Mr. Howard
suggested that several distinct species might have formed similar
larval cases, as is readily noticed with the species making pistol-
shaped cases. Dr. Gill stated that the superior numbers of cases
upon orange, as pointed out by Mr. Hubbard, could unquestion
ably be accounted for on the ground of protective resemblance.

OF WASHINGTON. 51

Mr. Hubbard presented a preliminary notice of a new
Coccid on birch.*

Dr. Motter presented a paper entitled "A contribution to
the study of some necrophagous Diptera."f

In discussion Mr. Schwarz congratulated the speaker on having
taken up such an important subject. So far, Megnin has been
the only student in this direction, and if Dr. Motter's observa
tions do no more than control Megnin's they will be valuable.
He himself had been astonished at the results obtained up to the
present time. We know nothing that occurs under the ground.
That certain surface insects reach to a depth of 6 feet is in itself
interesting. He suggested the importance of carefully distin
guishing between the fauna of cadavers and the fauna of coffins.
Anticipating the publication of some of Dr. Motter's other re
sults, he stated that the very rare Staphylinid, Eleusis pallida,
had been found by Dr. Motter in comparative abundance in old
graves.

Mr. Ashmead read a paper entitled "A new genus of Lar-

NOVEMBER 12, 1896.

Vice-President Gill in the chair, and Messrs. Fernow, Schwarz,
Pratt, Patten, Johnson, Busck, Ashmead, Benton, Howard,
Cook, Waite, Swingle, Heidemann, active members ; Messrs.
Lugger and Alwood, corresponding members ; and Messrs. Sir-
rine and Linfoot, visitors, also present.

Rolla P. Currie, U. S. National Museum, was elected an
active member.

Mr. Ashmead exhibited a specimen of the European Pro-
clytis grandis Foerster, and in comparison with this a specimen
of the same species collected by Mrs. Slosson, at Franconia, N. H.
Mr. Schwarz said he considered it surprising that more of the Mi-
cro-Hymenoptera of Europe have not been found in this country.

* Withheld for publication in Bulletin 12, new series, Division of Ento
mology, U. S. Dept. Agric.

t Withheld for publication elsewhere.
^Published in Entom. News, Jan. 1897, p. 22.

52 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

In the Coleoptera many species of the circumpolar fauna are
common to both countries. Mr. Ashmead replied that the reason
for this is that the Micro-Hymenoptera have not been carefully
studied and compared with the European forms. As a matter
of fact, however, he knows 25 species which occur on both con
tinents, and a number of others which are probably identical with
European forms. For example, he knows one of Cresson's spe
cies of Cryptus to be identical with an European species, and 3
or 4 Pteromalinae and Encyrtince, as well as some of the Aphid
parasites.

Mr. Schwarz exhibited two European Coleoptera recently
found for the first time in North America, viz., Attagenus
schaejferi, from Wyoming, and Lathridius hirtus, from Mon
tana. He also exhibited specimens of Cartodere ivatsoni, origi
nally described from Madeira, which now occurs rather com
monly about the U. S. Department of Agriculture in Washing
ton, D. C. It was first noticed some years ago in a sack of
Lepidoptera from Alaska, which, however, had been stored for
some time in San Francisco. Since that time it has been found
every year in the buildings of the Department. He also exhibited
a photograph of the Natural Bridge, Arizona, the locality in
which the very beautiful Coleopteron Plusiotis gloriosa has
been found in considerable numbers. He suggested that this in
sect probably feeds upon grape, and asked Mr. Fernow, who
spent the summer in Arizona, to describe the region.

Mr. Fernow gave some details as to the geography of the re
gion, which, he said, afforded a wonderful collecting ground.
For example, he counted 100 species of trees and shrubs while
passing over the bridge. There are, as a matter of fact, grape
vines growing on the bridge.

Mr. Howard exhibited specimens of his Coccophagzis ori-
entalis originally described from specimens reared from scale-
insects in Ceylon, by Mr. E. Ernest Green, and stated, apropos
to the use of geographic specific names, that this oriental species,
one week after its description was published, was reared by
Prof. H. A. Morgan, in Louisiana, from a local scale-insect,
Lecanium hesperidum, and that there was no evidence of the
plants upon which it occurred having been imported.

OF WASHINGTON. 53

Prof. O. F. Cook exhibited specimens of two new American
species of Japyx, one from Alabama, and the other from Ventura
County, California. He also showed a specimen of Casey's genus
Gastrotheus, originally described as a possible coleopterous larva,
although subsequently rightly referred to the Thysanura. Mr.
Cook finds it a genus of true Thysanura, distinct, however, from
recognized families by the presence of two pairs of several-jointed
abdominal legs, acting as supports to the abdomen. He thought
it necessary, in consequence, to admit at least a new sub-order,
which he would call Gastrotheoidea. The same speaker also ex
hibited two specimens of an African insect closely related to or
identical with Dyscritina Westwood. He also showed a speci
men of Walker's remarkable genus Hemimerus, collected in
Liberia, but not on a rat, the supposed habitat of the Hemi
merus. He also showed a specimen collected in Liberia, under
rotting wood, which will possibly form a new order of insects
of the Orthopterous series. He also showed a specimen of
Cryptostema Westwood, an African Arachnid now recognized
as the type of a distinct order originally based on a fossil genus
and now known by ThorelPs name of Meridogastra. Finally he
exhibited a small Arachnid collected under stones at Muhlenberg
Mission, Liberia. It has an i i-jointed abdomen, distinct by a
constriction from the cephalothorax, which has an evident trans
verse suture. The palpi are not chelate nor modified for pre
hension as in the Pedipalpi. The genus has been named
Artacarus and will probably constitute a family distinct from the
Schizonoticlae and also serve as the type of a distinct order of
Arachnida, which may be known as Artacarida, although this
name should not be supposed to carry an implication of especial
affinity with the mites.

Mr. Johnson presented the following paper :

NOTES ON THE MORELOS ORANGE FRUIT-WORM.
BY W. G. JOHNSON.

The habits of the Morelos orange fruit-worm Trypeta ludens
Loew were first described by Dr. Rileyin August, 1888, in an
illustrated article in Insect Life (vol. I, pp. 45-47). He says:
"We have for some time been aware of the existence in Mexico

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

of a worm which damages the fruit of the orange, boring into
the pulp and rendering it unfit for eating purposes. It has been
described to us by non-naturalists as a large white worm of per
haps an inch in length, of which no sign could be seen from the
outside of the fruit. The existence of such a fruit-worm in
Mexico has always seemed important to us on account of the
danger of importation into the orange-growing regions of the
United States, and we have several times instructed our agents
who were visiting New Orleans, into the markets of which
Mexican oranges are largely imported, to search for infested
fruit. Mr. Howard, in 1884, ascertained that the fruit dealers
in New Orleans were familiar with the existence of such a worm,
but during the time at his disposal he was unable to obtain speci
mens. In the summer of 1887, how r ever, Mr. Bruner went to
Mexico upon leave of absence for a collecting trip, and was
urged, incidentally to the other objects of his trip, to look into
this matter and to secure specimens, if possible, of the worm in
question. He ascertained from conversation with intelligent
Mexicans that there were probably three worms which injured
the fruit of the orange in that country. The one was a worm
which w r orks only in the skin of the fruit in the States of Micho-
acan and Jalisco, but which, from description, appeared to be a
Tortricid. Another worm was described as being short and
thick and working inside the fruit in the same States. He was
unable to learn of any worm in the fruit in the States bordering
the Gulf of Mexico. The third worm was found by Mr. Bru
ner, and the imago obtained from specimens which he brought
home. These proved to be Trypeta ludens, according to Loew's
excellent description and figure."

According to Mr. Bruner's notes, this worm was found most
abundant in oranges raised in the State of Morelos, 100 miles
south of the City of Mexico, and fruit from that State was very
liable to be infested. He first discovered the worms in an orange
he had opened to eat, and a second one containing maggots came
to his notice on the train. None of the fruit showed outward
signs of occupancy by insect larvas. Returning to Nebraska
early in December, Mr. Bruner placed the infested oranges in a
breeding-jar from which he reared the first adult fly February 9.
This was the first time the fly had been bred, and has not been
bred since, except by the present writer, so far as I am aware.

On the loth of January, the present year, while residing in
Champaign, Illinois, my wife called my attention to an orange,
bought from a local dealer, which contained a number of worms.
Two days later Prof. T. J. Burrill of the University of Illinois
brought me half an orange, also from the local market, in the

OF WASHINGTON. 55

same wormy condition. In both instances the fruit was perfect,
so far as external appearances were concerned. There were no
visible ruptures or punctures in the skin, and the flavor of the
fruit, as I afterwards tested, was sweet and luscious. The mag
gots were about one-third of an inch long, of a dirty whitish
color, and worked their way freely through the pulp.

The pieces of orange together with the larvae were placed in a
glass dish in the bottom of which about three inches of clean,
loose dirt had been previously placed and dampened. The dish
was afterwards covered with a piece of glass. After three or
four days the fruit became very mouldy, but the larvae continued
feeding until January 18, when two of them, now about u mm.
long by 2 mm. wide at the posterior end, went into the ground.
They burrowed about in the earth for several days, one of them
pupating the 2ist and the other the 24th. Two dead larvae and
one full-grow r n in good condition were removed the 2Oth and
placed in alcohol. The first adult, a male, issued February 28th,
or just thirty-eight days after pupation. Four days later that is,
March 3 a second fly, this time a female, emerged after passing
thirty-nine days in the pupa stage. These results agree fairly
well with those obtained by Mr. Bruner. In his experiments he
obtained the imago about forty-one days after the formation of
the pupa.

I made careful inquiry about the source of the infested oranges
and finally traced them to a large commission house in Chicago.
After some correspondence with the proprietors, I found that
thev had had a large consignment of oranges from the vicinity
of the City of Mexico, and that the fruit sold to the dealers in
Champaign was from that lot.

From what I have seen of this insect it seems to me that it is
extremely probable that it will sooner or later find its way into
the orange-growing districts of the United States. The fly is
very hardy, and will stand considerable neglect. I kept a male
and female for several days in close confinement in a glass-
covered dish, and they were seemingly as active as ever when
removed. They can withstand a considerable variation in
temperature, as shown by Mr. Bruner. On several occasions,
during the progress of his experiments, the mercury fell below
the freezing point in the room where his breeding-cage stood.
With the present facilities for transportation, it would be an easy
matter to carry this pest in oranges even from the local markets
of Chicago to Florida, Louisiana, or California.

It appears from the original description * of this insect that Loew

* Review of N. A. Trypetina, Mon. Dipt. N. A., Part III, Sm. Inst., 1873,
p. 223, PI. XI, Fig. 19.

56 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

described it from a pinned specimen, a male, from Mexico. So
far as I can ascertain, no description from living specimens has
been made. I therefore give a detailed description of both
male and female, drawn from the insects while alive, as follows :

Male and female : Dorsal aspect of thorax and abdomen,
including the ovipositor in the female, approaches raw sienna
in color.*

The ventral and lateral aspects of the body, the legs, poisers,
head except the eyes, straw-yellow. Frontal bristles black.
Basal segments of antennae same color as lower part of head and
thinly covered with short black hairs ; last segment of antennae
deep chromeyellow, bristle black, except at base, and about twice
as long as segment. Face a little receding, furrows for the
reception of the antennas proportionately rather deep. Opening
of the mouth rather widened, border sharp.

Proboscis rather thick, with the suctorial flaps slightly pro
longed, and covered with yellowish-brown hairs ; palpi prominent
and covered with blackish hairs. There are three longitudinal
sulphur-yellow stripes, two lateral and one mesal, on the dorsal
surface of the thorax ; the mesal one extends from the cephalic
margin of the thorax to the scutellum, but is not as distinct as its
cephalic as at its caudal end where it is widest ; the lateral ones are
more distinct and extend from the suture caudad to the posterior
margin of the thorax ; there is also a stripe same color as the
preceding each side of the thorax running from the base of the
wing along the lateral aspect to the cephalic margin of the thorax.
Scutellum is prominent, same color as stripes, has four black
bristles arranged around the upper margin of the posterior portion.
Short hairs of the thorax yellowish ; bristles black. Metanotum
with a black stripe on each side. Abdomen of the male with
blackish, very short hairs and a row of black bristles around the
margin of the last segment ; last segment a little longer than the
two previous ones taken together. Abdomen of the female
marked above by three distinct straw-yellow bands, with the
segment at base of ovipositor same color ; first segment as long
or longer than the two immediately following it ; segments below
covered with yellowish hairs ; the caudal margin of all except
the first two bear several blackish bristles. Ovipositor
approaches raw sienna in color, darker at tip, covered with short
blackish hairs, and measures about 4 mm. in length. Legs straw-
yellow, covered with short yellowish hairs, anterior femora with
a row of stout blackish bristles on the under side ; coxae with
several black bristles ; tibiae of medium pair of legs with a stout
black spine (spur) at the anterior end. Wings are 8 mm. long

*According to Ridgeway Nom. of Colors.

OF WASHINGTON. 57

by 3 mm. wide; bands brownish-yellow with brown edges,
entirely brown near the posterior border and tip ; markings agree
with those figured by Loew. Total length of the female includ
ing the ovipositor, u mm. wing expanse, both sexes, about 19
mm.

Mr. Howard said that the present time was unquestionably
the most favorable for the establishment of this insect within our
boundaries that had existed. One result of the destruction of
the orange trees in Florida by last winter's freeze has been to
send orange buyers to neighboring tropical countries and that a
number of them had gone to Mexico, with the result that last
spring and the present winter there has been an enormous
shipment of Mexican oranges into the United States. He told
of one English buyer who had gone direct to the State of More-
los, and had been shipping oranges by the wholesale into this
country. He further mentioned recent newspaper accounts of
the rinding of what is undoubtedly this same insect in oranges
used for table purposes in Cincinnati.

Messrs. Ashmead, Swingle, and Schwarz further discussed
the probability of introduction and showed that Mexican oranges
are actually in use in great numbers in Florida, especially in the
large hotels.

Mr. Schwarz read the following paper :

A NEW CAVE-INHABITING SILPHID.
By E. A. SCHWARZ.

While the caves of Europe are inhabited by many remarkable
genera and species of Silphidag, the pretty thorough exploration
of many North American caves has produced only a single pecu
liar species of this family, Adelops hirtus Tellk. which is quite
abundant in most caves of the Green River basin of Kentucky.
It bears all characteristics of a true cave insect except that the
eyes are feebly developed. Another Silphid, Choleva alsiosa
Horn, occurs in various caves of Kentucky and Indiana, but it
does not differ structurally from its congeners which live above
ground in decaying fungi and under vegetable debris. Moreover,
it was originally described from the Yukon River of Alaska,
where there are no caves. It is interesting, therefore, to record

58 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

the occurrence of a third cave-inhabiting Silphid which, although
provided with fully developed eyes, shows an approach to the
genus Adelops in several structural characters. It was discov
ered in an hitherto unexplored cave region by Dr. C. Hart Mer-
riam, who kindly referred the specimens to me. The species
may be described as follows :

Ptomaphagtis cavernicola, n. sp. Form oblong, convex, finely pubes
cent, shining, brownish-piceous, head blackish, mouth-parts and basal
half of antennae testaceous, legs brownish-red. Head very finely, not
densely punctulate ; eyes flattened, finely but distinctly granulate; a deep
transverse impression in front of them ; antennae unusually slender and
distinctly longer than head and thorax, joints 2 and 3 each nearly three
times longer than wide, joints 4, 5 and 6 gradually decreasing in length
but joint 6 is still longer than wide, joints of club very little wider than
the funicle, joint 7 slightly longer than wide, joint 8 slightly narrower
than the adjoining joints and about one-third the length of joint 7, joints
9 and 10 quadrate, terminal joint longer than wide, acuminate.

Thorax at base about one-third wider than long, sides arcuatedly nar
rowing in front, nearly straight behind, base slightly sinuate each side
near the hind angles which are distinctly produced and acutely rectangu
lar; surface transversely strigose and extremely finely punctulate, the
strigae much finer and denser at the sides than in the middle.

Elytra at base as wide as the thorax, very gradually narrowing apically,
sides feebly arcuate, sutural angle slightly produced, surface strigose, the
strigae slightly oblique and a little finer and denser than those on the disk
of the thorax, sutural stria rather deeply impressed.

Under side densely punctulate and finely pubescent, mesosternal carina
just as strong and abruptedly elevated as in Adelops ; legs very slender,
femora densely punctulate, terminal fimbriae of tibiae very minute and of
equal length, spurs of hind tibiae of equal length.

Male : Joints I to 3 of front tarsi distinctly but not strongly dilated.

Length, 2.7-3 mm.

Described from four specimens (two of them in rather frag
mentary condition) found by Dr. C. Hart Merriam in Marble
Cave, Stone Co., in southwestern Missouri. The type, a female
(type No. 1424), has been placed in the collection of the U. S.
National Museum.

The species is intermediate in characters between Pto-
maphagus and Adelops, having the general appearance and the
large eyes of the former and the slender antennas, ante-ocular
impression and slender legs of the latter genus. The two genera
are structurally so closely allied that there is no room for the
establishment of a third intermediate between the two.

OF WASHINGTON. 59

Mr. Ashmead, apropos to the generic position, said that in his
opinion, instead of enlarging the characters of Ptomaphagus to
include this species, he would prefer the erection of a new genus
as the simplest course and the least confusing to subsequent
workers. Mr. Schwarz differed from the speaker and said that
in many cases it was unquestionably necessary to enlarge the
scope of a genus on the discovery of new forms. To reduce
the case to an absurdity, he mentioned the erection of two genera,
Eutyphlus LeConte and Nicotheus Casey, which afterwards
were proved to be different sexes of the same species. That
was a case, he said, where the generic characters unquestionably
had to be enlarged. Dr. Gill said that the point raised led at
once into a discussion of very broad scope and involved questions
as to what genera really are and what characters are to be used
for genera. He stated that the fact of great diversity in the
sexes may itself be used as a generic character. The mere fact
of cecity, in his opinion, is not valuable as a generic character,
and he very much doubted the expediency of using such a physi
ological character, since some species have a tendency to become
blind under certain circumstances. He referred tb a blind cat
fish which occurs in caves in Pennsylvania and which is very
closely allied to surface forms. Cope and formerly Jordan con
sidered this a distinct genus. He, however, always considered
it a true Amiurus, nearly related to the common A. melas, and
recently Dr. Jordan has changed his opinion and now agrees
with Dr. Gill.

As to Hemimerus (mentioned by Mr. Cook), Dr. Gill ex
pressed himself as believing that it is undoubtedly the represen
tative of a very isolated family, but whether it should be given
higher rank depends upon the determination of the actual char
acters and upon the value which should be given to such charac
ters. The first point he illustrated by the fact that the interpre
tations of the mouth-parts made originally by Saussure have
been attacked by Hansen.

Mr. Schwarz, as illustrating the rapidity with which surface
forms may assume cave-inhabiting characteristics, mentioned the
case recently described in the Bulletin of the Museum of Natural
History, of Paris, in which a Trechus found in the catacombs of

60 ENTOMOLOGICAL 'SOCIETY

Paris had become nearly blind and taken on more or less of a
resemblance of an Anophthalmus. Here it could not have
existed under these conditions for over 1,000 years.

Dr. Gill said that such a transformation, in his opinion, might
take place in a very much shorter time in fact, in a few genera
tions. He referred to the cave crayfishes and their resemblance
to surface forms and gave the discussion a somewhat broader
scope by the statement that we may find in caves the remains of
faunas which once existed, but which do not occur now in life,
referring in more or less detail to the Proteus of Carniola and
also to the blind bratuloid fishes of the caves of Cuba. In the
latter case, we have representatives of a fauna which was once
littoral, but which now exists only in the deep seas, so far as the
Caribbean representatives are known, aside from these cave rep
resentatives. Distantly related species are, however, found
along the coasts of other lands, but never in fresh water.

Mr. Howard presented :

SOME NOTES ON THE PARASITES OF ORGYIA
LEUCOSTIGMA.

By L. O. HOWARD.

[Author's Abstract.]

The speaker referred to the extraordinary outbreak in 1886 of
Hyphantria cunea in the District of Columbia and to the fact
that although the insect existed by millions in August of that
year, so extensive was the parasitism that damage by the caterpil
lars was not noticed in 1887. He showed the large series of
hymenopterous parasites referred to in Bulletin No. 10 of the
Division of Entomology, revised edition, as illustrating the forms
concerned. In 1895 an almost equally disastrous outbreak of
Orgyia leucostigma occurred in the city of Washington. He
showed that by August the hymenopterous and dipterous para
sites of this species had become so abundant as to destroy proba
bly from 60 to 70 per cent, of the larvas and pupas and from this
fact it was anticipated that practical immunity would occur in 1896.
The case, however, was slightly different from that of the
Hyphantria since Orgyia hibernates in the egg-condition, the
former hibernating as a pupa. Enough egg-masses from the
Orgyia therefore remained to produce a very injurious second
generation of caterpillars in 1896, provided there was not

OF WASHINGTON. 61

a successful hibernation in numbers of the parasites. As a mat
ter of fact, however, this was what occurred. The eggs of the
Orgyia hatched in considerable number in the spring of 1896 and
on account of an extremely successful hibernation of parasites the
first brood was practically annihilated. The percentage of para
sitism must have reached 98 or 99 per cent. In August it was diffi
cult to find a single larva of the Orgyia. He exhibited a named
series of the parasites reared, filling three Schmidt insect-boxes.
He discussed at some length the interrelations of these parasites,
showing the important point that while in the fall of 1895 primary
parasites were by far the most abundant, during the summer of
1896 secondary or hyperparasites practically destroyed the primary
parasites after their important work of exterminating the Orgyia
had been accomplished. He also called attention to one or two
cases of tertiary parasitism.

In discussion, Mr. Schwarz asked whether the primary para
sites noticed were any of them restricted to this species or were
forms which parasitized other Bombycid larvae, and upon the
response that they were all general lepidopterous parasites he
suggested the sending of the surplus to Massachusetts for use
against the Gypsy moth. Mr. Fernow mentioned an outbreak
of Orgyia pudibunda nearly 20 years ago upon the Island of
Ruegen in the Baltic Sea. The government expended large
sums of money for two years in collecting and burning cocoons.
One day, however, the overseer of this work noticed parasites
issuing in numbers from the pile of cocoons which had been laid
aside for burning. After examination he gave orders that the
work be stopped, with the result that the insect was practically
non-existent the following year and a large sum of money was
saved. This brought up a general discussion on the work of
parasites.

Dr. Lugger spoke of the occurrence in great numbers of a
Tortricid on box elder in Minnesota. He had made his prepa
rations for spraying, but before beginning the operation an ex
amination showed the occurrence of parasites in force. He,
therefore, did not spray and the To x rtricid was reduced by its
parasites to innoxious numbers. Mr. Swingle referred to a case
in which he had sprayed with Bordeaux mixture in Florida,

62 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

against a fungus upon orange. To his surprise the scale-insects
on the treated trees increased enormously, whereas those upon
untreated trees did not increase. He discovered that by his
Bordeaux spray he had destroyed a fungus parasite of the scale-
insects. Mr. Schwarz referred to the fact that in 1 878-^9
Thyridopteryx ephemerceformis was excessively abundant
upon shade trees in Washington, but its parasites cleaned it off
extensively and it has not been so abundant since. Hyphantria
and Orgyia, however, have shorter periods of recovery from
these excessive cases of parasitism.

Dr. Lugger referred further to the occurrence in great num
bers, in the windbreaks in Minnesota, of the larvae of certain
of the Attacme moths. In a number of cases he had
recommended the collecting of the cocoons in the winter time
and placing them in boxes or barrels covered with wire gauze,
the meshes being sufficiently wide to admit of the escape of para
sites. In all cases where this method had been adopted for one
year the silk-worms were very scarce for many miles the follow
ing season. With the army-worm the past summer in Minne
sota the percentage of parasitism had been so great that he had
informed farmers that remedial work would be useless, the result
realizing his anticipations. Mr. Howard spoke of a similar
army-worm case in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1882, and, in fact,
stated that this was a common occurrence with army-worm out
breaks. Dr. Lugger further stated that the Hessian fly has made
its appearance in northern Minnesota the past year or two. Its
occurrence is far north of the limit line of winter wheat. Here,
however, the percentage of parasitism he had found to be con
siderably above 90 per cent. Mr. Alwood stated that in Vir
ginia every 5 or 6 years the Hessian fly becomes abundant but
that whenever this occurs the parasites also become so abundant
as to practically destroy the Cecidomyia.

Mr. Howard, apropos to Mr. Lugger's last remark, stated
that it had always been considered almost an axiom that the
Hessian fly, from its method of life, would not prove injurious
above the line of growth of winter wheat. He said the facts
detailed by Mr. Lugger indicated one of two things, either that
in this locality the Hessian fly had radically changed its habit

OF WASHINGTON. 63

and become single-brooded, or that some closely allied grass-
inhabiting Cecidomyid had taken to wheat.

Mr. Alwood spoke of an outbreak of Goes pulverulcnta
on the elm shade trees in the city of Richmond, Va. He
described the excessively injurious work of this insect and stated
that there had been a loss to the city of from $15,000 to $20,-
ooo through its attacks on shade trees. By the cutting down of
the badly infested trees and by cutting off the limbs where these
only were attacked, at his advice, he considered that the damage
had been arrested.

Dr. Lugger stated that some years ago the allied species Qoes
pulchra had been very abundant upon hickories near Balti
more.

)A/ DECEMBER 3.

Vice-President Gill in the chair, and Messrs. Benton, Patten,
Schwarz, Chittenden, Heidemann, Motter, Busck, Stiles, John
son, Swingle, Ashmead, and Howard, also present.

The following new corresponding members were elected :

R. H. Pettit, St. Anthony Park, Minn. ; F. A. Sirrine, Ja
maica, Long Island, New York.

Under the head of "Exhibition of Specimens," Mr. Patten
showed a live specimen of Lasioderma serricorne taken from
a box of Key West cigars. He also showed a cigar from which
the beetles had emerged. Mr. Schwarz stated, apropos to this
insect, that it does not breed in northern cigar factories and that
he doubted whether it would breed in cigar shops in Washington.
Mr. Howard gave an instance which had come under his obser
vation in which the insects were unquestionably breeding in a
small cigar store in Georgetown and stated that the owner had
rid his premises by the use of bisulphide of carbon.

Mr. Ashmead exhibited some interesting specimens from a
small collection of Hymenoptera made by Mr. Townsend at San
Rafael, Mex. Those to which he called special attention were
a species of Amiseon, Trichaulus singularis Mayr, Podagrion
toivnsendi n. sp., P. mantis Ashmead (for comparison), two
new species of Philanthocephalus and Hontalia earner onii n. sp.

64 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Mr. Howard exhibited specimens of Proticerya rileyi
Cockerell, from New Mexico, on mesquite, and also a curious
new Coccid collected by Messrs. Townsend and Cockerell, at
Apache Agency, New Mexico, on Gutieriza. This insect Mr.
Cockerell proposes to call Crypticerya toiunsendi, making
Crypticerya a new sub-genus. The speaker called attention to
some points of difference between this form and true Icerya and
particularly the large genital orifice which is exactly in the mid
dle of the body, and said that in his opinion it would form a new
genus instead of a subgenus.

A paper by Mr. Cockerell entitled " Miscellaneous Notes"
was read by the Secretary.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
By T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The following notes are suggested by Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.,
IV, No. i, just to hand :

(i) Mr. Schwarz's notes on semi-tropical Texas interest me
very much. I wish Mr. Ashmead would give us some informa
tion about the bees of that region. The bee-fauna of southern
New Mexico is highly peculiar, with a very large percentage of
new species, though it extends somewhat northward along the
eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, and also westward and
southward in the arid region of Mexico and Arizona. It is
characterized by apparently peculiar genera, Protandrena and
Phileremulus, and an enormous development of Perdita.
There are very few Osmia, or Prosopis, or Nomada. All this
contrasts strongly with the mountain region of Colorado, whence
Cresson described so many bees. Here Perdita vanishes, and
Prosopis becomes abundant, with plenty of Osmia, Nomada,
&c. Lately I have examined a collection made by Prof. Town-
send in Vera Cruz State, in the tierra caliente. It is totally dif
ferent from the arid-region fauna, and resembles in part that of
the eastern and southern U. S., and in part that of South Amer
ica. There is not a single Perdita. Augochlora, rare in the
arid region, is abundantly represented. Megachile presents
many forms ; Ceratina has developed a very beautiful species.
Now what relation has the bee-fauna of semi-tropical Texas to
these ? It is an interesting question.

Mr. Schwarz refers also to the insect fauna of the mesquite
not being uniform throughout the range of the plant. The in-

OF WASHINGTON. 65

teresting Coccids found by Prof. Tourney in Arizona on mesquite
are all different from the equally interesting ones found in the
Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, on the same plant. Similai'ly, the
same species of oak, which in the Organ Mts., N. M., fur
nishes Kermes galliformis and Chionaspis quercus, at Pinos
Altos, N. M., gives us Kermes galliformis, Aspidiotusancylus,
Aulacaspis montana and Ollijfiella cristicola. Such instances
could be multiplied almost indefinitely. It is the same, to a
considerable extent, with even the bee-visitors to the flowers.
The beautiful Melissodes luteicornis, common at mesquite
flowers at and near Rincon, N. M., I have never seen in the
Mesilla Valley. A short search one day at San Marcial, N. M.,
gave me four species of Perdita on Larreaj the same Larrea
abounds in the Mesilla Valley, but several times this year I
looked on it for those bees, and never found one of them.

(2) Lecaniobizis cockerellii is an important parasite of Le-
canium begonice, Dougl., in Antigua; it is the species referred
to in Bull. Bot. Dep. Jamaica, May, 1894, p. 70. The name

fraternum is a MS. synonym of begonice ; it was never pub
lished by me.

(3) In the discussion on Scutellista cyanea, this insect seems
to be regarded only as a parasite of Ceroplastes. But Nietner
records it as parasitic on Lecanium coffece, a species which is
very doubtfully distinct from our common L. hemisphcericum ;
so if introduced into this country it should surely attack the
latter.

(4) Mr. Ashmead states that no females of Labidus have
been found. It is generally admitted that Labidus and Eciton
are one, and some years ago M. Ernest Andre described a pecu
liar insect taken in Mexico (I believe by Dr. A. Duges, though
it is not so stated), as Pseudodichthadia incerta, which he sur
mised might be the female of Eciton. In a letter to me, dated
August 1 6, 1896, M. Andre speaks with positive assurance of
the Pseudodichthadia\5Z\\\<g Eciton (=Labidus}, so we must
consider that the Q Labidus is known, if only in a single species.
M. Andre suggests that perhaps these females do not come to
the light at all, but remain underground ; he also remarks that it
is possible that a nest contains but a single female.

MESILLA, N. M., Nov. 19, 1896.

In discussing this paper Mr. Ashmead said that he was perfectly
aware of the conclusion of Emery and Mayras to the identity of
Eciton and Labidus, but that he had questioned this conclusion

66 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

years ago. In fact, he considers it totally wrong. In this conclu
sion Mr. Pergande, the best informed student of ants in America,
agrees with Mr. Ashmead. Mr. Schwarz, in substantiation of
this view, said that Labidus has never been found east of the arid
region of the United States, whereas Eciton occurs in North
Carolina. The Rev. P. Jerome Schmitt has found the female of
Eciton in North Carolina, and possesses an excellent drawing of
it, but although he has had it for more than two years, he has not
yet published it. Referring to Mr. Cockerell's statements regard
ing the different bees visiting the same species of flower in
different localities, Mr. Schwarz did not consider it at all signifi
cant, since no bees seem to be confined to single kinds of plants.
He further mentioned Mr. Cockerell's custom of naming bees
after plants which he had found them to visit, and thought that
this custom was unwise. Mr. Benton agreed with the last speaker
and stated that bees visit flowers for honey, and that in different
atmospheric conditions the honey supply of different plants varies
greatly, so that honey-collecting bees are forced, on occasion, to
visit different species of plants.

Mr. Schwarz presented the following :

NOTES ON THE LERP INSECTS (PSYLLIDiE)
OF AUSTRALIA.

By E. A. SCHWARZ.

For more than 60 years it has been known that there occurs
on the leaves of Eucalyptus trees of Australia and Tasmania a
substance called Laap or Lerp by the natives and which is used
by the latter as an article of food. The first scientific investiga
tion of one of these objects was published in 1849, in theEdinburg
New Philosophical Journal,* by Dr. Anderson, who made a
chemical analysis of Lerp but remained ignorant regarding
its origin. In the same year Mr. Newport surmised that Lerp was
the product of an insect and not a mere exudation of the plant.

In 1850 Mr. Thomas Dobson published an illustrated paper
on this subject in the first volume of the Papers and Proceedings
of the Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land.* A reprint, with
additional figures and an appendix apparently written by "J. M.,"
appeared in the Transactions of the Microscopical Society (2),
vol. 5, 1857, p. 123-130, under the title u On Laap, or Lerp,

* I have not seen this paper, nor is it mentioned in Hagen's Bibliotheca.

OF WASHINGTON. 67

the cup-like coverings of Psyllidae found on the leaves of certain
Eucalypti." In this remarkable and often quoted paper, which
still remains the most important contribution to our knowledge
of this subject, Mr. Dobson proves that the Lerp objects are the
cases spun by the larvae of certain Psyllids. Three different
forms of Lerp are described by him, two of the imago Psyllids
figured but only one described and named Psylla eucalypti; the
third Psyllid is only briefly mentioned.

In 1879, Dr. V. Signoret (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Bulletin,
p. LXXXV) proposed the new genus Spondyliaspis of the
family Aleyrodidas, founded solely upon what Signoret considered
as the scale of the insect. He had seen only dried-up specimens
of larvae or pupae found beneath these scales, and from the fact
that they showed four wing-pads correctly concluded that the
insects could not belong to the Coccidae. The scales are
described as being of the form of a conical shell (coquille) with
a number of external ridges which are either spinous or smooth.
The three species described by him (S. spinosulus, cereus, and
bancrofti} are distinguished by the color of the shell and the
number and nature of the ridges.

In 1 88 1 (1. c., Bulletin, p. CLVIII) Signoret returns to this
subject and states that his genus Spondyliaspis was identical with
Maskell's genus Inglisia, described as a Coccid.

In 1883 Mr. J. G. Otto Tepper (Journ. Linn. Soc., 17, No.
99, p. 109) published some "Remarks on the Manna or Lerp
Insect of South Australia" in which he confirms Mr. Dobson' s
discovery regarding the origin of lerp.

In 1891 (Internal. Journ. Microscopy, 3rd series, vol. I, No 3,
p. 87) appeared, without indication as to the author, a figure of
a specimen of lerp which is apparently identical with one of the
lerps figured by Dobson ; the few lines of text accompanying
this figure do not convey new information.

According to the minutes of the Proceedings of Linn. Soc.
New South Wales (2), vol. IX, November 28, 1894, Mr. A. Sid
ney Olliff exhibited a Psylla from West Australia "which makes
elongate semi-transparent, horny larval coverings on the foliage
of Eucalyptus rudis. In structure and habits it is closely
related to Psylla eucalypti, and it is proposed by Mr. Olliff to
call it Psylla periculosa" No description of this species has
ever been published.

Finally, in 1896, Mr. W. M. Maskell in his Monograph of the
Aleurodidae (Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. 38, p. 411)
vigorously "objects to Signoret's interpretation of his genus
Inglisia which is a true Coccid, and adds that from specimens
received from Signoret himself there was no doubt that the genus

68 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Spondyliaspis Sign, was identical with some of the Lerp Psyllids
described by Dobson. In this statement Mr. Maskell is no doubt
correct.

To sum up our knowledge of Lerp insects, there are, in
Australia and Tasmania, various, probably many, species of
Psyllidae the larvae of which construct cases of remarkable shape
and often great beauty on the leaves of Eucalyptus trees. These
structures are not merely waxy excretions which harden upon ex
posure to the air, but they are spun by the larva, each case being
inhabited and constructed by a single larva. Regarding the mode
of growth or rather the mode of enlarging of the cases by the larva
we know very little beyond the statements in Dobson's paper ; in
fact the entire biology of these interesting insects is but im
perfectly understood. I have seen myself only a few lerp cases
collected by Mr. A. Koebele during his first trip to Australia, and
which are now preserved in the collection of the U. S. Depart
ment of Agriculture, but among the numerous imago Psyllids
found by him on Eucalyptus trees there are two species which
are unquestionably congeneric with Dobson's Psylla eucalypti
although they radically differ from the genus Psylla of modern
authors. The lerp from which Dobson obtained his species
evidently agrees structurally with that upon which Signoret
established his genus Spondyliaspis, and it seems to me that we
have to adopt this name although the genus has been founded solely
upon characters derived from the cases constructed by the larva.
The following is a description founded upon characters of the
perfect insect.

SPONDYLIASPIS Signoret.

Body slender, dorsal surface very little convex longitudinally; head
hardly deflexed, surface flattened ; vertex gradually narrowing each side
at the insertion of the antennae, along the median line much longer than
half its width at base; frontal processes very long, cylindrical, parallel
porrect and abruptly depressed below the level of the vertex; eyes large,
convex, projecting laterally; tempora slightly developed; anterior ocellus
visible from above; antennae long, filiform, third joint the longest.

Pronotum large, very little convex laterally, truncate in front, slightly
emarginate behind, lateral impressions distinct ; dorsulum transverse, not
longer than the pronotum, equally moderately lobed in front and behind.

Fore-wings membranous, very long, narrow, widest a little beyond the
middle, very gradually narrowing apically, tip angulated or narrowly
rounded; veins moderately fine : cubitus distinctly longer than the dis-
coidal part of subcosta, a long but narrow pterostigma, radius slightly
arching throughout its length and terminating in the tip of the wing, stem

OF WASHINGTON. 69

of second fork parallel with radius, cells of normal form, the marginal
cells not greatly different in size.

Legs short, anterior and middle tibiae simple, posterior tibiae not dentate
at base, but dilated at apex and produced near the outer (posterior) apical
angle into a stout mucro ; anterior and middle tarsi with the first joint
short, simple, and much longer than the claw joint, posterior tarsi with
the first joint as long as the claw joint and dilated beneath into a broad,
flattened, membranous cushion-like disk; metasternal epimera very large ;
as long as wide, without spiniform processes.

Sixth ventral segment of the male broadly divided for the reception of
the genital segment, genital plate and forceps without lateral appendages,
genital segment of the female not beak-shaped, the outer valves consist
ing of two short plates.

Sfondyliaspis eucalyfltiDobson ( ?) General color greenish orocherous-
yellow, frontal processes often roseate except at base and tip, sides of
vertex and pronotum light brownish or roseate, dorsulum with a pale
median line and often margined with brown or black; abdomen above
usually blackish, the segments margined behind with green, or red, or
yellow, underside pale yellow or greenish, side pieces of mesonotum
bordered with black, upper edge of fore and middle femora often
brownish.

Head porrect or very little inclined, truncate behind; vertex along the
median line much longer than on the sides, and also much longer than
half its width at base, sides parallel between the eyes, then angulated and
gradually narrowing and triangularly produced, front edge rather acute,
discal impressions very conspicuous and of dark color, frontal processes
abruptedly depressed below the level of the vertex and a little more in
clined, slightly longer than the vertex along its median line, cylindrical,
not divergent but not contiguous, hairy; tempora visible behind the eyes
and forming a distinct angle with the hind margin of the head; antennae
reaching to the end of the body, 3rd joint one-third longer than the 4th,
joints 4-8 slender, very slightly decreasing in length, joints 9 and 10 to
gether a little shorter than the 8th; clypeus knob-shaped, beak hardly
projecting above the coxae.

Pronotum a little more than half the length of the vertex and about as
long as the dorsulum, very little convex transversally, often with a fine
median line ; dorsulum twice wider than long, its front margin overlapped
by the dorsulum, color very variable but apparently never with decided
darker markings.

Fore-wings hyaline or slightly whitish, veins fine, brownish, basal and
discoidal parts of subcosta piceous and much stronger than the other
veins; pterostigma very long, closed, tolerably wide at base; radius par
allel with costa except near its terminus, very slightly and evenly arched ;
stem of second fork parallel with radius and forming no angle with the
fourth furcal ; stem of first fork more than twice shorter than that of sec
ond fork, and slightly longer than the cubitus ; first furcal slightly shorter

70 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

than the stem, terminating obliquely upon the costa and two and one-half
times shorter than the second furcal, with which it forms an oblique an
gle ; second furcal gently curved throughout its length and terminating
obliquely upon the costa; third furcal slightly shorter than the fourth,
which is about as long as the second furcal ; radial cell slightly narrower
than the discoidal cell, which is nearly of the same width as the cubital
cell, the latter not narrowed at middle; margin of anterior basal cell flat
tened out, limited internally by a fine vein ; brachium reaching the apical
corner of the posterior basal cell.

<$ Genital segment very large, completely dividing the sixth ventral seg
ment, honey-yellow, plate and forceps usually darker ; genital plate longer
than the segment, perfectly straight, about three times longer than wide,
not narrowing apically, broadly rounded at tip; forceps much narrower
and but little lower than the plate, its front edge slightly concave at basal
half and convex at apical third, its posterior edge nearly straight, tip acute
and pointing backward.

9 Only four ventral segments are visible in addition to the genital seg
ment; the latter consisting of two very short plates which (at least in
dried specimens) do not meet; upper plate as long as the preceding ventral
segment, either horizontally projecting or declivous, broadly rounded at
tip, lower plate only half the length of the upper one, i-apidly narrowing
into an extremely small acute point, lower edge convex.

Length (to tip of wings) 3.50-4 mm.

Described from several specimens collected by Mr. Albert
Koebele on Eucalyptus leucoxylon in Australia (probably South
Australia) . Specimens typical of the above description are in
the U. S. National Museum (collection Department of Agricul
ture), No. 3793.

The genus Spondyliaspis differs from all Psyllid genera known
to me by the peculiar structure of the hind tibiae and hind tarsi,
and since it seems to me that these characters possess more than
generic value, the erection of a new subfamily, Spondyliaspinas,
of the true Psyllidae (as contrasted with the Liviidae) is proposed
for this genus. The tarsal peculiarity has already been observed
by Dobson, who refers to it in the following words : "The feet
are furnished with two hooks and a small membranous bladder.
These vesicular appendages, as well as the antennas, are con
tinually in motion." In the dried specimens the cushion-like
expansion of the hind tarsus is probably much less conspicuous
than in the living ones. In the shape of the body this genus
bears a considerable resemblance to the genus Flohria Lrew, of
the tribe Psyllini.

There is, of course, considerable doubt as to the specific
identity of this species with Dobson's Psylla eucalypti, the
imago of which is described only' in a general way, but I am

OF WASHINGTON. 71

unwilling to introduce a new name in view r of the possibility
that one of the three specific names proposed by Signoret for
larval cases may be applicable. The synonymy of these Lerp
Psyllids will remain in an unsettled condition as long as the life-
history of each species is not properly known. Dobson's species
were collected near Hobart Town, Tasmania ; Signoret's larval
cases come from Brisbane, while Koebele's Australian Psyllidae
are unfortunately without precise locality. Among Koebele's
material there is a second species of Spondyliaspis, but repre
sented only by a few specimens.

What appears to be an undescribed genus of Lerp Psyllids is
represented among Koebele's material by several species, one of
which has been bred by him from its larval case. The latter
evidently belongs to the third form of lerp described by Dobson,
and is apparently referred to in Intern. Journ. Microscopy,
1891, p. 87, as "exquisite examples of miniature basket work."
Dobson speaks of it as "surpassing in beauty and structural de
velopment the species already described. Its form is remarkable,
like to that of one valve of cockle shell." With its edge the
shell rests upon the surface of the leaf, but only the "hinge," or
posterior vertical side, is firmly attached thereto. In the speci
mens before me the hinge is the only solid part of the structure,
apparently wax-like in texture, of a yellowish- white color at the
base and reddish at the outer circumference. The rest of the
structure consists entirely of open basket work, the longitudinal
threads radiating from the hinge and symmetrically arching over
until they reach the surface of the leaf. In one of the specimens
I count 28 of these threads, which are yellowish white at their
base, where they are close together, and of reddish color on the
roof and anterior side of the shell. The transverse threads are
much finer than the longitudinal ones, of the same coloration as
the latter, closely approximated near the hinge and forming with
the longitudinal threads quadrate or transverse meshes. The
entire shell is unproportionally large for the size of the insect,
but I suppose that the larva or pupa inhabiting the same is cov
ered with a copious layer of woolly excretion which entirely fills
the case. The solid part of the hinge I take to represent the
first stage of the structure exuded by the larva and which, like a
scale, rests flat upon the leaf ; the reddish portion of the hinge,
the whitish and reddish portions of the threads probably repre
sent the successive stages in the construction of the lerp.

The imagoes bred from this lerp are more gaily colored but
much less remarkable in structure than the species of Spondy
liaspis. In describing one of the species I gladly accept for it
the very appropriate generic name kindly proposed by Dr. Th.
N. Gill.

72 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

CARDIASPIS nov. gen.

Body stout, head vertical, pronotum and dorsulum strongly ascending
posteriorly; head emarginate posteriorly, vertex flat, sinuately narrowing
each side at the insertion of the antennae, its front edge slightly triangu
larly produced each side of the anterior ocellus; frontal processes sharply
separated from the vertex, slightly depressed below its level and repre
sented by two large, slightly transverse lobes which are contiguous along
the median line and shorter than the vertex ; antennae stout, slightly longer
than the width of the head (including the eyes), third joint slightly longer
than the fourth ; eyes large, globular, projecting slightly beyond the sides
of the pronotum and occupying the entire side of the head; tempora not
developed ; anterior ocellus not visible from above on account of the verti
cal position of the head.

Pronotum greatly convex transversely, lateral impressions large and
deep; dorsulum at middle nearly twice shorter than its width and less
than twice the length of the pronotum ; its anterior margin distinctly
more arched than the posterior margin; mesonotum very little convex
longitudinally; side pieces of pro- and mesosternum bulging and very
prominent.

Anterior wings hyaline, elongate-oval, nearly twice as long as the body,
transparent, at apical third very little wider than at middle, thence grad
ually narrowing to the apex, which is rather narrowly rounded ; veins fine,
none of them much curving, petiolus cubiti distinctly longer than the dis-
coidal part of the subcosta, a large pterostigma, tip of wing at the ter
mination of the fourth furcal ; cells of normal shape, anterior basal cell
deeply concave, with a wide, flattened margin, marginal cells moderately
large, the second distinctly larger than the first.

Epimera of metasternum greatly developed, transverse, spiniform proc
esses very small, vertical. Legs short and robust, hind tibiae without
basal tooth, tarsi normal.

Following Dr. Fr. Loew's arrangements of Psyllidae, this
genus belongs to the subfamily Psyllinae and the tribe Aphala-
rini. It is distinguished from all described genera of this tribe
by its vertical head and the form of the frontal processes.

Cardiaspis artifex n. sp. Color of upper side pale ochre -yellow with red
dish or reddish-brown markings of variable extent and intensity; frontal
processes usually bright red ; abdomen above usually blackish, each seg
ment margined behind with red or yellow; antennae pale; side pieces of
sternum sometimes bright red; legs pale, femora dusky; epimera of meta
sternum pale. Vertex along the median line distinctly longer than half its
width at base, discal impressions large, black; frontal processes three-
fourths as long as the vertex at middle, each process subquadrate with the
apical edge slightly obliquely truncate; antennae slightly longer than the
width of the head, second joint quadrate, third joint but slightly longer

OF WASHINGTON. 73

than the fourth, joints 5-8 subequal in length, each nearly as long as the
fourth, joints 9 and 10 almost connate, together decidedly longer than the
eighth.

Pronotum half as long as the vertex at middle, pale, with a fine black
median line; dorsulum pale at base and on the sides, anteriorly with a
large reddish or light brownish spot which is sometimes divided; meso-
notum very little convex longitudinally, pale, with a fine, dark, median
line, and on each side thereof with two wide brownish or reddish stripes.

Anterior wings slightly whitish, at tip not quite regularly rounded, the
greater part of the curvature being formed by the posterior margin;
veins reddish at the basal portion of the wing, more yellowish apically ;
cubitus about one-fifth longer than the discoidal part of subcosta; ptero-
stigma elongate-triangular, closed in front, slightly more opaque than the
rest of the wing; radius very slightly arching, forming a very oblique
angle with the radial part of subcosta ; stem of second fork parallel with
radius and nearly twice as long as the stem of first fork; first furcal more than
twice shorter than the second, and terminating obliquely upon the costa;
second furcal nearly straight, about as long as the fourth, and terminat
ing very obliquely upon the costa; third furcal distinctly shorter than the
fourth, which runs into the tip of the wing and forms a hardly percepti
ble angle with its stem ; first marginal cell more than twice longer than
high, second marginal cell much higher than its width at the margin.
Abdomen very robust, slightly widening apically.

Male, unknown.

Female: Genital segment very short and not beak-like; upper genital
plate broad, slightly longer than wide at base, moderately declivous, nar
rowing posteriorly, and broadly rounded at apex; lower plate represented
by a very short, transverse band which is widely emarginate behind.

Length, to tip of wings, 3.2-3.5 mm.

Type, No. 3794, U. S. National Museum (collection U. S. Dept. of Agri
culture).

Hab., South Australia, on Eucalyptus leucoxylon (A. Koebele).

Described from three female specimens, in which the abdom
inal structure cannot be fully studied. From a male of another
species of this genus which is before me in some ill-preserved
specimens, it can be seen that both the genital plate and the
forceps are simple and straight, the latter narrower and higher
than the former.

In discussion Mr. Howard referred to the adoption by Mr.
Schwarz of the generic name Spondyliaspis of Signoret and
questioned whether it was necessary or even advisable to adopt
a name under such circumstances. He introduced as a practi-

74 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

cally parallel case the following supposition : Suppose the ex
crement of a turtle were found and described by some careless
worker as a new genus of earth-worms. That it was subse
quently ascertained that it was not an earth-worm but the excre
ment of a turtle. That, long after, the turtle which voided the
excrement was discovered and found to be a new genus. Would
it be considered necessary or advisable to apply the generic name
of the supposititious earth-worm to the new genus of turtles ?

This introduced a general and vigorous discussion of the name-
carrying powers of structures or habitations produced by animals
or secretions from their bodies, which was participated in by
Messrs. Gill, Stiles, and Schwarz.

Dr. Stiles stated that, in general terms, names in zoology ap
ply to organized beings and not to their inorganic surroundings.
Mr. Schwarz took issue with this statement, instancing the case
of Helicopsyche among the Trichoptera, Coleophora among the
Lepidoptera, and the galls of Pachypsylla, where the case or gall
is more distinctive and characteristic of the species than any
morphological structures which can be discovered. Dr. Gill
was of opinion that the name may be given to a structure like a
case if there is strict co-ordination between the animal and its
case. He instanced the description of a larval case of a Phryg-
aneid as a new r genus of mollusks by Lea and Swainson. Mr.
Howard suggested that in the shells of mollusks we have an in
stance somewhat comparable with the case of an insect larva,
and certainly many mollusks have been described from their
shells alone. Dr. Stiles stated that the shell indicates the shape
of the animal, and is, therefore, to some extent, an indication of
its morphology. Purely excrementitious matter, however, can
not be said, except in rare instances, to indicate morphological
features. The cases of an insect larva in so much as they indi
cate shape and size of the larva may be said to be indicative of
morphological character.

Dr. Gill stated that we have many precedents for such names.
The classification of spiders, for example, long depended in some
of its main features upon the shape of the web. The shells of
mollusks do not correspond to the shape of the animal, as a
whole, but, as with the Gastropods, to the bulk of the intestinal

OF WASHINGTON. 75

canal as a mass, and with the Lamellibranchs to the mantel
lobes and their extensibility. In these cases we have, however,
an expression of structural features in the animal and this he
thinks to be the case even with the genus Spondyliaspis. He
would, therefore, accept names in this class. In cuttle-fishes,
for example, we have forms distinguished by the pen, which is
an excretion. He referred also to the Coprolites or fossil dung
of extinct animals as being in certain cases expressions of
structure. He thought that the subject of excreta has been too
much overlooked, and referred to the widely differing dung of
the domestic animals as an example.

Mr. Schwarz stated that he would not recommend the erection
of genera upon larval cases, but he believes in using in diagnoses
every character, whether morphological or not, which can be
defined. Referring to excreta, he stated that Dr. Hagen had
made a very interesting collection of the excremental pellets of
Lepidopterous larvae, many of them being specially character
istic.

Mr. Howard, referring to Signoret's error in considering
Inglisia synonymical with Spondyliaspis, said that he had in a
joint article with the late Dr. Riley unfortunately followed Sig
noret's error, and that Mr. Maskell, in his Aleyrodid paper
referred to by Mr. Schwarz, had evidently supposed that Dr.
Riley and the speaker were responsible for the suggestion of the
synonymy. Maskell apparently had overlooked Signoret's 1881
note.

The following paper, by Mr. Chittenden, was read by title :

ON THE PARASITES OF ADULT COLEOPTERA.
By F. H. CHITTENDEN.

SARCOPHAGID PARASITE OF AN ADULT CARABID.

During June of 1894, Mr. Theo. Pergande captured an adult
of the common carabid beetle, Scarites subterraneus, from
which soon afterward a living larva issued. For some reason
the parasite was not reared, although nearly a score of the beetles
were confined in a rearing-jar for this purpose. Mr. Pergande
was of the opinion that the parasite would not be so apt to be
found in beetles under stones as in those that might be taken in

76 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

roads and pathways. At his suggestion I kept a lookout for
the insect and on the ist of July succeeded in securing a speci
men running across a roadway from which was reared the
parasite.

July 5, a large, fleshy maggot crawled out of the body of its
host, which was now dead, and on being placed in a jar of moist
earth it at once burrowed downward and disappeared. On the
1 8th of the same month the fly issued from the puparium. At
9.30 A. M., when first noticed, its wings were still unexpanded,
but in half an hour, when next examined, the insect had fully
matured.

It has been identified by Mr. D. W. Coquillett as belonging to
the true genus Sarcophaga as at present constituted, a group in
which the species are not well understood.

This is, so far as I am able to learn, the first instance of a
sarcophagid parasite having been reared from a living adult
beetle. Instances, however, are not lacking of somewhat similar
habits in this group. I have at hand a reference cited by Brauer
of a European species closely related to Sarcophaga, viz., Blce-
soxipha grylloctena Loew, having bred from the bodies of
Pezotettix alpinus and other Acridiidas. Our common Sar
cophaga carnaria Linn., which is common to both the old and
new worlds, has been reared from dead adults of Oryctes nasi-
cornis and Polyphylla fullo, and it may be interesting to note
in this connection the rearing of another sarcophagid, Helicobia
helicis Towns., from the dead body of Allorhina nitida. Two
flies issued July 27, 1895, Washington, D. C. It has previously
been recorded as bred from Lachnosterna (Psyche, vol. VI, p.
468), but there is no mention as to whether the host was living
or dead. The decomposing bodies of the larger Scarabaeidae
emit an unusually powerful stench, especially such as are washed
up on the shores of lakes or other bodies of water, and it
would seem that they are particularly attractive to the carrion-
feeding sarcophagids.

Just what attracts the parasitic Sarcophaga to the living Scar-
ites it would be interesting to know. Can it be possible that
the parasitized individuals are diseased ?

There is in the National collection a series of the tachinid
Eutrixa masuria Walk, bred from the adult of Lachnosterna
arcuata at Washington, D. C., in March, 1895.

The tachinid parasite of the adult of Calosoma peregrinator
Guer. mentioned by Mr. Coquillett in Insect Life (vol. II, p. 234)
has since been identified by him as Biomyia georgice Br. and
Berg. This species has also been reared from Calosoma calidum
and is mentioned in the report on the gypsy moth published in
January, 1897 (? ^3) as Pseudotrcetocera calosomcz Coq.
(MSS.).

OF WASHINGTON.

77

BRACONID PARASITE OF ADULT COCCINELLID^E.

In the first volume of Insect Life (pp. 101-104) the late Dr.
Riley gave an interesting account of a parasite of the spotted
ladybird, Megilla maculata DeG., the initial paragraph of
which reads : "Up to the present time no parasite of adult
Coccinellidse have been recorded in this country. " A brief
mention of this same parasite published ten years earlier was
evidently overlooked. It is by Townend Glover and appeared
in the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for
the year 1877, as follows: "A parasitic insect attacks the
Hippodamia (Coccinella} maculata (Fig. 43), or spotted lady
bird, in a very similar manner, [to Aphidius or Trioxys infesting
plant-lice] and was taken in Maryland."

Glover's illustration is perfectly recognizable as the same species
figured by Dr. Riley, and Mr. Ash mead expresses the opinion that
it will prove to be identical with the Microctonus {Dinocamp-
tus) terminatus Wesm. of which Ratzeburg has given a good
account in his Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten (vol. Ill, p. 61).

FIG 2 Megilla maculata, parasitized
[from INSECT LIFE j

FIG. 3. Perilitus americana [from INSECT LIFE.]

It was reared from Coccinella j-punctata and C. 5-punctata,
common European ladybirds not known in this country. Dr.
Riley gave a translation of Ratzeburg's notes and proposed for
the American specimens the provisional name of Centistes
americana^ afterwards describing it (1. c., p. 338) as Perilitus
americanus.

In June, 1891, there were received at the Division of Entomol
ogy, from the Death Valley Expedition, several living specimens
of Hippodamia 5-signata Kirby, with the statement that they
had been found in great abundance on Mt. Magruder, in Nevada,
at a high altitude above snow line. Being desirous of studying

78 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

their habits several specimens were kept alive, and in due time a
parasitic larva issued and spun up its cocoon. The host was
dead when discovered, but there is little doubt that in nature it
clasped the cocoon as is the habit of Megilla maculata, and
stood over it until death ensued. A few days later the perfect
insect appeared and, on being referred to Mr. Ashmead, was pro
nounced after careful comparison with Mr. Cresson's type in the
collection of the American Entomological Society, of Philadel
phia, and with the published description, to be Euphorus sculp-
tus, which was described by Cresson a quarter of a century ago
from a single specimen from Illinois. (Can. Ent., vol. IV, p.
227.)

In the year 1892 Mr. Coquillett reared this same species from
"yellow ladybirds with six elytral black spots," imported from
Australia to California, as reported in Bulletin No. 30, Division
of Entomology (pp. 15-16). Hippodamia convergens and
Coccinella sanguined, common to both the western and eastern
sides of our continent, are also mentioned as hosts of this para
site. The Australian host is now identified as Coccinella re-
panda Muls.

The year following, Mr. Koebele recorded the following
hosts : Hippodamia spuria, H. parenthesis, Coccinella ju-
liana, and A dalia frigida (Insect Life, vol. VI, p. 14).

A PARASITE OF ADULT SCOLYTID^E.

A minute chalcidid of the subfamily Entedoninae was reared
by the writer, June iS. 1894, from an adult of the scolytid
Phloeotribus frontalis Ol. and described by Mr. Ashmead
under the name Secodes phloeotribi (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.,
vol. XXIII, p. 233). What is with little doubt the same species
has been reared by Mr. A. D. Hopkins from the adult of
Pityophthorus minutissimus and by the writer from Chramesus
icorice. From the latter species the parasite issued through a
round hole that occupied nearly the entire dorsal surface of the
prothorax of its host.

TACHINID PARASITES OF ADULT CHRYSOMELID^E.

June 15 a dipterous parasitic puparium was found in a vial in
which was confined an adult of the flea-beetle, Disonycha xan-
t/iomelcena Dalm. The puparium was fresh, having just been
formed, as the beetle, then dead, had been noticed living the day-
previous. June 26 the adult fly issued, having passed 11 days
as pupa.

The bred specimen was referred to Mr. Coquillett, who

OF WASHINGTON. 79

identified it as the tachinid, Hypostena barbata Coq., described
from New Hampshire and Southern California (Jour. N. Y.
Ent. Soc., v. Ill, p. 57), and not previously reared.

This case is paralleled by that of the tachinid which is para
sitic on Diabrotica. This species, referred to Celatoria dia-
broticce, was first observed by the late Dr. Hy. Shimer in 1870
preying upon the striped cucumber-beetle, Diabrotica vittata
Fab., and an account of it was given in volume V of the Ameri
can Naturalist (p. 219), where it is described under the name
Tachina {Melanosphora} diabroticce. This parasite is quite
common about Washington and has been reared from the adult
beetles by the writer and others from July to September.
Celatoria craivit Coq., described from specimens reared in
California from Diabrotica soror (Insect Life, vol. II, pp. 233-
236) is a synonym. It has also been reared from Diabrotica
i2-punctata.

OTHER PARASITES OF ADULT BEETLES.

The subject of the parasitism of the adult of Eleodes sutu-
ralis, a large western tenebrionid, has been discussed by Dr.
Riley in former meetings of this Society (Proceedings, vol. II,
pp. 211, 219).

Anomcea laticlavia, a common chrysomelid that affects
leguminous plants chiefly, is also parasitized in the adult state,
the writer having seen a larva that had crawled out of the body
of this beetle.

Of interest as having some bearing on this subject is an obser
vation made upon one of the parasites of Tyloderma foveo-
latum. A larva of one of these parasites, presumably Eurytoma
tylodermatis or Catolaccus tylodermce, was observed, Septem
ber 3, fastened to a newly transformed adult of the curculionid.
All other parasitic larvae were attached to the larvae or pupas of
their host.

Dr. Fitch once observed "a minute chalcidian parasite in the
act of ovipositing in the tip of the body of the female " of the
flea-beetle, Psylliodes punctulata (Tenth N. Y. Kept., p. 39).

JANUARY 7, 1897.

President Marlatt in the chair and Messrs. Schwarz, Linell,
Stiles, Benton, Busck, Heidemann, Gill, Banks, Ashmead,
Smith, Hopkins, Woods, and Howard also present.

Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, of Wimbledon, England, was elected a
corresponding member.

80 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Under the head of "Short Notes and Exhibition of Speci
mens," Mr. Ashmead showed the agamous female of Beleno-
cnema treatce Mayr. The true sexual generation consists of
winged males and females issuing from galls on the roots of live
oak, while the agamous generation consists of subapterous fe
males issuing from a gall which occurs on the leaves. Mr. Ash-
mead has connected the two galls simply from the study of
structural characters.

Mr. Howard exhibited a peculiar Coccid received from Mr.
Otoji Takahashi, of Tokio, Japan. It occurs upon a Ligustrum
and in such masses and with so much wax that the surface of
the twig is completely covered. The insects are immature forms
of some Lecaniine.

Dr. Smith presented a communication, of which the fol-
owing is an abstract :

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORDERS OF INSECTS.
By J. B. SMITH.
[Author's Abstract.*]

The speaker proposes to divide the true Insecta primarily into
two series upon the character of the mouth-parts, making one a
suctorial type, to contain the orders Thysanura and Rhyngota.
All the others are mandibulate in some stage of their existence.
These mandibulata he divides into three other series according to
the development of the prothorax. In one case the prothorax is
entirely free in the adult and this series contains the Dermaptera
&\\&Coleoptera, in which the hind wings are transversely folded,
and the Plecoptera, Platyptera, and Orthoptera, in which the
hind wings are longitudinally folded beneath the primaries.

The second series is that in which the prothorax is fairly well
developed, but is quite closely attached at its base to the other
segments and is not freely movable as in the case of the first series.
In this branch, which was terrestrial from the start, are included
the Isoptera, Mattophaga, Corrodentia, and Neuroptera.

The third series had the prothorax reduced in size from the
beginning, and always united to the other thoracic segments,
the general tendency being towards a complete loss of function
of all save the legs in this part. All the members of this series
are from an aquatic form, and they include the O don at a ^

*The paper is published in SCIENCE (2), vol. 5, 1897, pp. 671-677.

OF WASHINGTON. 81

Ephemerida, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Mecoptera, Siphon-
aptcra, Diptera, and Hymenoptcra. From the Neuroptera,
as generally understood, he separates the Sialidce, which he
makes, with its relatives, an order under the term Platyptera.

The paper was discussed by Messrs. Banks, Gill, and Ashmead.
Mr. Bank's remarks were critical as to certain details.

Dr. Gill criticised the form of illustrative diagram used by Dr.
Smith and referred briefly to Haeckel's general classification of
the animal kingdom which has just been published. Mr. Ash-
meacl also criticised certain details, but expressed himself as
agreeing rather closely with Dr. Smith's general conclusions.
Dr. Gill further stated that in his opinion the brain will even
tually be used as a basis for classification as in other groups,
referring to recent work in this direction by Viallanes.

Mr. Hopkins presented a paper of which he has submitted
the following abstract :

NOTES ON SCOLYTID^, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

SPECIES.

By A. D. HOPKINS.

[Author's Abstract.]

The speaker described the adult of Pityophthorus frontalis
n. sp., and also described its galleries. It infests dead oak twigs
on living trees of the red, black, and swamp oaks. He also de
scribed the adult and the galleries of Pityophthorus fagi n. sp. ,
which infests beech twigs. He further described Thysanoes
querciperda n. sp., and T. obscttrus n. sp., the former infest
ing oak twigs and the latter hickory twigs. With regard to the
genus Micracis, he showed that the secondary sexual characters
are reversed from LeConte's descriptions.

Mr. Schwarz congratulated Dr. Hopkins upon his discoveries
and spoke particularly of the extraordinary invasion of Den-
droctonus frontalis into the pine forests of West Virginia and
surrounding States, stating that in his opinion it was one of the
most interesting phenomena of recent times. A rare species
suddenly made its appearance, spread like wild fire for two
years and disappeared like a stroke of lightning ! He was

82 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

sorry that thorough investigation as to the cause of disappear
ance had not been made. He considered that it was probably
a case of a distinctively southern insect having been brought up
in great numbers from the south in yellow pine timber, spread
ing rapidly in the forests and killed off by an unusually
severe winter.

Mr. Hopkins stated that in his opinion the insect could by
no means be called a southern species since it extends to the
Lake Superior region and from California to the Atlantic
Coast. From the studies which he had given the matter of sud
den disappearance he is inclined to think that the insect was
killed off by some fungus or bacterial disease.

FEBRUARY 4, 1897.

President Marlatt in the chair and Messrs. Schwarz, Ashmead,
Chittenden, Banks, Wait, Gill, Fernow, Motter, J. B. Thomp
son, Busck, Kenyon, E. C. Barnard, and Howard also present.

President Marlatt delivered his annual address, as follows :

OF WASHINGTON. 83

ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.

A BRIEF HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE SCIENCE OF ENTO
MOLOGY, WITH AN ESTIMATE OF WHAT HAS BEEN, AND
WHAT REMAINS TO BE, ACCOMPLISHED.

By C. L. MARL ATT.

It is not an infrequent custom, in addresses of this sort, to
make them an opportunity of "taking stock" of the progress for
the year or for greater periods. I will not deviate from this
course, but will take a little broader view than is ordinarily done,
even at the risk of being considered presumptuous and with a
vivid appreciation of the fact that such a summary as I hope to
make would be far better done by some of our members who are
older and more familiar with the literature and history of the
science of entomology than is the writer.

In the midst of our own daily activities, time rarely offers to
stand aside and, from some vantage point, take a glance back
ward along the road of progress or forward toward the ultimate
goal of complete knowledge ; and were it not for occasions like
the present, reviews of the past or predictions of the future,
useful and serviceable as they may be, would seldom find place.
Viewed as a matter of history, the science of entomology appears,
from our point of outlook, as a column or throng of workers,
the rear ranks of which are continually dissolving and the van
guard, receiving constant additions, the one hoary with age and
venerated for things achieved, and the other vigorous with youth
but with possibilities undemonstrated. To sum up briefly what
this figurative column has accomplished and what the future has
for it to do is the task which I have this evening assigned myself.

To attempt a complete survey, with the time at my disposal,
would be altogether impracticable, nor, indeed, is it necessary.
Several distinct phases of the progress of the science of entomol
ogy have been in fact already thus reviewed. In a presidential

84 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

address delivered before this Society in January, 1890, Mr.
Schwarz gave a comprehensive catalogue of the North American
publications on entomology and the general status of the work on
this side of the Atlantic. A similar account of American achieve
ment has also been given by Dr. Lintner. The very extensive
field of applied or economic entomology was covered most fully
and for all countries by Dr. Howard in a presidential address
before the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association of Economic
Entomologists, August, 1894.

The general subject, however, of the history of the study of
insects and of the persons who have been most prominent in such
work has not been so recently discussed. The great desirability
of a comprehensive historical work of the nature outlined is
appreciated by all entomologists and would be of the very
greatest advantage to all students. Such a work, however,
means a vast amount of study and delving into old libraries and
musty volumes, and, indeed, the facts relative to the biography
of many of the older entomologists are very meager and many of
their works are lost or almost inaccessible ; but the interest which
always attaches to the beginning of things will more than repay
the laborious researches necessary to gain a fuller knowledge of
the founders of the science. As one approaches the later history
the material is much more abundant and less difficulty will be
experienced. It is earnestly hoped that some of our entomolo
gists will undertake something of this kind in the near future
What I shall present on this occasion will be a very brief review
of the records and individuals who have made the science of
entomology, and, without hoping to give anything new or
original, if I can present a picture, however imperfect, of the
history of the study of insects, and direct your thoughts for the
moment to some of the more important persons and periods
which have characterized the development of the science, and
also give some idea of what has been accomplished and what
remains to be done in the future, my purpose will have been
effected.

OF WASHINGTON. 85

HISTORY OF THE SCIENCE OF ENTOMOLOGY.

In considering the history of entomology I shall dwell more
particularly on the records of the earlier centuries, and move
much more rapidly over the later periods.

The sources from which the facts, dates, titles, etc., have
been derived have been numerous, and careful comparisons
and verifications have been made. The works themselves have
been examined wherever obtainable, and among these are such
interesting old compilations and memoirs as those of Pliny, yElien
Gesner-Moufet, Aldrovandi, Redi, Ray, Albin, Swammerdam,
Bonnani, Roesel von Rosenhof , Johnson, Frisch, Reaumur, Sepp,
and others, and many of the more modern authors. The principal
later writers covering the general subject drawn upon are La-
treille, Cuvier, Kirby and Spence, Lacordaire, Percheron, Bur-
meister, and Hagen.

When one brings together the names which are important and
known to most of us in connection with our study and arranges
them chronologically, they fall somewhat readily into a number
of groups characterized either by well-known workers who made
epochs in the science or by peculiar conditions in the world's
history.

For the convenience of my present purpose, rather than as
indicating necessarily well-differentiated historical periods, I
have divided the writers on insects into six groups, as follows :

Group I. The old Greek and Roman writers (350 B. C. to 100 A. D.).
" II. The period of revival of interest in scientific subjects (1550-

1650). (Authors born between 1500 and 1600.)
" III. The Ray period (1650-1750). (Authors born between 1600

and 1700.)
" IV. The contemporaries of Linne (1725-1775). (Authors born

between 1700 and 1740.)
" V. The pupils and the immediate followers of Linne (1775-

1825). (Authors born between 1740 and 1790.)
" VI. The period covered by the first half or three-fourths of the

present century. (Authors born between 1790 and 1815.)*

* Subsequent to the presentation of this address, in which the above clas
sification of writers had been suggested. I came into the possession of the
arrangement followed by Lacordaire, which is given below for purposes

86 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Group /. TJie Old Greek and Roman Writers.

It is more than probable that the common knowledge of every
day insects, even with the most ancient races, was almost as
full and trustworthy as it is with the generality of people of our
own day, if we except certain fanciful ideas as to origin, habits,
etc., which for that matter are even now not at all uncommon.

The figures and sculptures of insects on the monuments of
ancient Egypt, as shown by Latreille, indicate a considerable
familiarity with this class of animals, and in the Scriptures all

of comparison, and in connection therewith is introduced the grouping of
authors by Kirby and Spence as illustrating chiefly the origin and growth
of the accepted systematic arrangement of insects. Burmeister's group
ing of the writers on Entomology is essentially by subjects and not of
much service for my purpose. He uses practically but two periods: (i)
writings prior to Linnd (beginning with the i6th century), and (2) writ
ings subsequent to Linne, with many subject subdivisions. The arrange
ment suggested by me might be modified in accordance with some of the
features suggested by these other systems, perhaps with improvement,
but as it suits my present purpose I have let it remain as originally given.

Lacordaire's Classification.

I. From the oldest writings to the Renaissance period of Aristotle.
II. From the end of the I5th to the middle of the iyth centuries
period of Gesner.

III. From the middle of the iyth century to 1735 period of Swam-

merdam.

IV. From 1735 to 1775 period of Linne.
V. From 1775 to 1798 period of Fabricius.

VI. From 1798 to 1815 period of Latreille.
VII. " Periode actuelle " (1815-40).

Classification of Kirby and Spence.

1. The era of the ancients.

2. The era of the revival of the science after the darkness of the middle

ages.

3. The era of Swammerdam and Ray, or of the Metamorphic system.

4. The era of Linne, or of the Alary system.

5. The era of Fabricius, or of the Maxillary system.

6. The era of Latreille, or of the Eclectic system.

7. The era of MacLeay, or of the Quinary system.

OF WASHINGTON. 87

the old orders, except the Neuroptera, seem to be mentioned.
In the writings of Moses, closely allied groups even are desig
nated by name, as in his reference to the gryllus, locusta, acheta,
and truxalis, which were each edible after their species.* Very
ancient records occur also in the old writings of the Chinese, etc.,
but none of these incidental references approach in any sense a
scientific consideration of the subject.

So far as we know, therefore, the first study of insects to
which any importance can be attached began with Aristotle,
over 300 years before Christ. Aristotle lived between 384 and
322 B. C., and his great work on the Natural History of Ani
mals was the first important attempt of which we have any
record at scientific study and classification of animals, including
insects, and was the great force and authority in zoological
writings until the middle of the iyth century.

It may be worth while, therefore, to examine a little more
closely the ideas about insects held by this founder of the science
of natural history, using for our sources of information Pliny,
Reaumur, Lacordaire, and Kirby & Spence. Reaumur says of
Aristotle that what he himself saw and described is usually trust
worthy, but what was reported to him by other observers is often
fabulous and much distorted ;| and these same errors and fables
were repeatedly copied by writers on insects in the later centuries.
Aristotle seems to have referred in the various volumes of his
history of animals to some 47 insects only, and these are desig
nated merely generically. A classification in the modern sense
he had not, but he seems to have had a more precise idea
of the limits of the class Insecta than even Linne, and of the
modern orders he left the Coleoptera, Diptera, and Psychce
(Lepidoptera) practically as we know them. His other general
groups are more or less mixed. He appreciated the distinction
between biting and sucking insects and the intermediate position
held by the bees. He recognized the primary body divisions of
head, trunk, and abdomen, and seemed to have fairly correct

*Lichtenstein. Trans. Linn. Soc. (1796), vol. II, p. 51.

t Aristotle, it is reported, was very much assisted by Alexander the
Great, who furthered the studies of the former both with means and with
the assistance of collections of animals and observations on them obtained
through the agency of his armies.

88 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

ideas of coarser anatomy. His views on the origin of insects,
in which he repeated the common belief of his time, will be
later discussed.

A contemporary and pupil of Aristotle's was the Greek
physician and botanist Theophrastus (371-286 B. C.), an
author whose writings were not especially on zoology, but who
had something to say about common insects, and especially bees
and honey.

With this group of ancient writers Pliny must also be placed.
He lived in the first century of our era (A. D. 23-79), and his
writings, so far as they relate to natural history, are similar to
those of Aristotle, whom he followed closely. The only work of
the many publications by this most prolific Roman author which
has come down to our time in its entirety is his Historia
Naturales, in 37 volumes, in the main a compilation. Insects
are treated in the i ith book. In this he deals largely with bees,
silk- worms, locusts (Cicada) and grasshoppers, spiders, and
other common insects, and gives, among other items of value,
some very interesting though often erroneous observations on
anatomy, physiology, and habits. He insists, on general
grounds, that insects breathe air, and also that, while not possess
ing the blood of the higher animals, they have a fluid which is its
equivalent. Of classification there is even less attempt than in
Aristotle. Cuvier, who has, perhaps, studied Pliny's work more
closely than any other, ranks it as one of the most valuable pro
ductions of antiquity.

Various other Roman writers have discussed insects, usually
bees, as Virgil, Ovid, Columella, etc., and Pliny refers to several
other Greek authors whose waitings are entirely lost among
them Aristomachus of Soli, who is said to have studied bees
exclusively for 58 years, and Philiscus of Thasos, u who passed
his life in desert spots tending swarms of bees."*

Aristotle and Pliny are practically 7 the only ones of the
"ancients" whose works are of value and accessible nowadays,
and nothing important occurs after them until beyond the i6th
century. t

* Bonn's Pliny, p. 8, Book XI.

t Claudius yElianus (^Elien), a Greek physician living in the 2d century,

OF WASHINGTON. 89

Reaumur has emphasized the fact that during the long period
of stagnation of the middle ages the natural sciences suffered as
did all other forms of learning, and nothing was added to the
stock of information. When the taste for knowledge finally
revived, as has been often pointed out, under the stimulus of the
invention of printing, and the scattering over Europe of the
Greek scholars consequent on the capture of Constantinople by
the Turks, the interest in the science of entomology was again
aroused, but at the time of this revival it seemed to be the belief
that the ancients, notably Aristotle and Pliny, had recorded all
that was to be learned, and, therefore, instead of studying nature
herself, the mere copying of writings of these very old authors,
and particularly of their stories and fables, was made the basis
of the published works.

Group II. Period of Revival of Interest in Science.

The charge of Reaumur's, just referred to, is descriptive of and
applies to my second group of writers on entomology. Promi
nent among the authors of this period* (1550-1650) is the little
group consisting of Gesner, Alclrovandi, Moufet, and Kircher,
who were the precursors of the more careful writers of the fol
lowing period of Ray and Reaumur. A few notes about these old
writers may be of interest.

Conrad Gesner (1516-1565), who is styled the modern Pliny
by Lacordaire, w r as a physician of Zurich, and compiled from the
ancients a history of animals, in 3 volumes folio, supplemented
with original observations and many very creditable woodcuts.

compiled a great work, De natura animalium, in 17 volumes, in which
insects are often discussed and in which the interesting fact is recorded
that Greek anglers sometimes employed artificial insects to attract fishes.
Many editions of this book have appeared, the one examined by the
writer bearing the date 1611 and published in Greek and Latin text and
carefully indexed a quaint volume of more than 1,000 pages.

*A little earlier in time than this group of writers was Albertus Magnus
(Groot) (1195-1289), who, on the authority of Kirby & Spence and Lacor
daire, devoted one of the 21 volumes of his writings to natural history,
taking the matter, as he himself confesses, from Aristotle. Insects come
under the term "Anulosa," and all are " worms," the butterflies and flies
being "flying worms," and the spiders " spider worms," etc.

90 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Death in the plague of 1564-5 overtook him before he had com
pleted his manuscript on insects, which thereafter had a curious
and eventful history. His notes, together with those collected
by Dr. Edw. Wotton, came into the possession of Dr. Thomas
Penny, a physician and botanist of the age of Elizabeth who
labored some 15 years to complete the compilation, dying (in
1589) before he had finished . The manuscript was later pur
chased by Thomas Moufet (1560-1604), a London physician,
who arranged and prepared the matter, adding some 150 figures,
and himself died without publishing the work. Many years
afterwards the MS. came into the hands of Sir Theodore May-
erne, one of the Court Physicians of Charles I, who finally pub
lished it in 1634, nearly 100 years after it had been started by
Gesner. This work, known as Moufet's Theatrum Insectorum
(" Insectorum sive minimorum animalium Theatrum "), is most
valuable as a compendium of all the ancient knowledge, includ
ing references to over 400 authors, and contains 500 woodcuts
distributed in the text and is notable as being the first work de
voted exclusively to insects.

Ulysse Aldrovandi (1522-1605), a nobleman of Bologna and
professor in the University of Bologna, was an indefatigable com
piler. His Historia Naturalis, in 14 volumes folio (1599-1640),
published for the most part posthumously, treats of insects in
volume IV, entitled " De Animalibus insectis," which was pub
lished during his lifetime (1602), and contains practically a sum
mary of all that had been previously written on the subject.
Latreille styles his work "an undigested and wearisome com
pilation," but, as pointed out by Lacordaire, it was a power
ful influence in forming the taste for the study of insects, which
later was to take a more original character. That he is not
altogether a compiler, also, is suggested by his reference to him
self as traversing vineyards, fields, marshes, and mountains ac
companied by his draughtsman and amanuenses to draw and
write whatever he wished to record (Brooks). Aldrovandi's
classification of insects is based on the medium they inhabit, and
in it true insects are confused with Annelids. His two main
divisions are respectively terrestrial and aquatic insects, and his
subdivisions, based on the number and character of the wings
and feet, pretty effectively mix up the modern orders.

OF WASHINGTON. 91

Athanase Kircher (1602-1680) was a father of the Society of
Jesus, Rome, and was reported to be kt well versed on all matters
but very credulous." He was a teacher at Wiirzburg in 1618,
and afterwards Professor of Mathematics at the Collegio Romano
in Rome, and became quite celebrated for his scientific re
searches. He was the author of a work, Mundus Sub-
terranous (Amsterdam, 1678, 7 vols.), full of marvelous
tales of spontaneous origin, etc., based on "authentic observa
tions " (Osborne). He was also evidently an enthusiastic col
lector, as the descriptions of his collections in the '-^Museum
Kircher i amim " bv Bonannius and Battara indicate.*

Of the writers of this period Reaumur says they looked only
to confirm what the ancients had written, and saw only what the
ancients had seen, a^id lacked all originality, and that it was not
until after the respect for and trust in the work of the ancients
was lost somewhat, and doubts as to their accuracy began to ob
tain, that real effort was made to verify and add to knowledge.

Group III. The Ray Period.

This brings us to the Ray period (1650-1750), or the third
group of writers. The earliest of the better known names be
longing to this period of doubters and original workers are Mal-
pighi, Swammerdam, Redi, and the distinctive or epoch-making
name of the period, Ray. Several of the writers of this period
which does not contain many prominent names) connect the
preceding period with the one under discussion.

Some of these, through ignorance, Reaumur says, perhaps
were fortunately unable to read the ancients, and hence accom
plished useful work. He refers in this connection to Goedart
and Madam Merian.

The first step in advance was to demolish the ridiculous fables
of the ancients relative to the origin of many of the smaller ani
mals, which were held to spring from the corruption of larger

*This collection, known as the Museo Kircheriano, was acquired by the
Government of Italy in 1870, and the writer spent an hour looking through
it in the autumn of 1897 in the Collegio Romano, where it is still kept in
tact, except for the Natural History material, which has been elsewhere
distributed or lost.

92 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

animals or from living or decaying plants. The honey-bee, for
instance, was said to come from the carcass of a sheep or an ox ;
the wasp and bumble-bee from that of a horse ; the Scarabaeids
from an ass, and a host of other insects were made to originate
similarly, some from cheese, some from plants, and others from
mud, mire, and ooze. Aristotle, for instance, made the butterfly
originate from caterpillars, and caterpillars from cabbage leaves,
and Pliny, pushing the origin a little further back, has the but
terfly come from " the dew which settles on the radish leaf in
the early days of the spring, but when it has been thickened by
the action of the sun it becomes reduced to the size of a grain

C5

of millet. From this a small grub afterwards arises, which, at
the end of three days, becomes transformed into a caterpillar,"
etc. (Bohn, chap. 37).

Pliny and Aristotle were both well aware that certain insects
reproduced by means of eggs, or in some cases viviparously, after
the coupling of the sexes. Aristotle admits this to be true of
spiders, crickets, and locusts, and Pliny describes with fair
accuracy the habits in this regard of spiders, scorpions, grasshop
pers, cicadas, dung-beetles, and intimates as much for certain flies,
bees, and ants, but in Book XI, chap. 37 (Bohn) and subsequent
chapters, he repeats, with evident approval, many of the ancient
ideas of the Greeks and probably also of the Phoenicians, Hebrews,
and Egyptians* concerning spontaneous generation. He has
various species coming from dew, earth, rotting wood, the tape
worm in man, others from carrion, the hair of man, or
feathers of birds, others in filth, as fleas ; from dust in wools and
clothes, as the clothes moth, describing particularly the case-bearer
{pellionella} . The fig, rose, etc., engender the insects charac
teristic of them ; sour liquids, gnats ; snow, long on the ground,
snow-fleas or grubs ; and fire, a peculiar insect which may be the
" Fire brat" of our day {Tkermobia domestica Pack).

Much pains were necessary to uproot and destroy these very
generally held ideas, the origin of which can be readily under
stood from our knowledge of relation of insect to living plants
and to dead or decaying animal and vegetable matter. These
views were held as late as the beginning of the iSth century, as,

*See Osten Sacken : On the Bugonia Lore of the aneients.

OF WASHINGTON. 93

for instance, by Kircher and Bonanni, notwithstanding that the
latter did very much for natural history ; and in fact the idea of
spontaneous generation of life was not definitely disposed of until
the time of Pasteur and Tyndall, within the recollection of many
of us.

The Ray period, or the interval included between the times of
Ray and Reaumur, or what is practically the latter half of the lyth
century, which was the prolific period, and the first half of the
1 8th century, marks a very decided advance in the progress of
the science of entomology. Very much of excellent work was
done during this period, which, while reaching to the time of
Linne, was not, or scarcely, influenced by the great Swedish
naturalist.

A chronological list of the principal writers of this period is
introduced :

Principal Writers of the Rav Period.

Goedart, Johann, 1620-1668. Merian, Maria Sibylla, 1647-1717.

Redi, Francesco, 1626-1697. Vallisnieri, Antonio, 1661-1730.

Malpighi, Marcello, 1628-1694. Frisch, Johann Leonhard, 1666-

Ray, John, 1628-1704-7? 1743.

Leeuwenhoeck, Antony van, 1632- Catesby, Mark, 1679-1749.

1723. Reaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault

Swammerdam, Johann, 1637-1685. de, 1683-1757.

Lister, Martin, 1638-1711. Albin, Eleazar, writings, 1720-

Bonanni, Filippo, 1638-1725. 1736.

The habits and metamorphoses of insects were carefully studied
and delineated by Goedart, one of the earliest writers (1620-
1668), and Reaumur, one of the later (1683-1757).

Johann Goedart was a painter of Middleburg, and his work,
'-'Metamorphoses et Historia Naturalis Insectorum" etc.,
three volumes with many plates, some colored, published between
1662-1669, * s a verv creditable production for the time, and,
while containing many fanciful stories about ants, bees, mole
crickets, etc. , yet contains many valuable observations, notably
on the life-habits of the Lepidoptera, and was a decided influence
in the advancement of the science. It was translated into Dutch,
English, and French.

Of Reaumur (Rene Antoine Ferchault de), member of the

94 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Academy of Sciences, Paris, too much praise can hardly be said.
He is the author who has perhaps most studied the habits and
metamorphoses of insects, and the results of his work are as use
ful and serviceable to-day as when written, and in correctness of
delineation and in accuracy of observation they have not been
excelled. His work, ^''Memoirs pour servir a Phistoire des
Insectes" Paris, 1734-1742, seven volumes, the last in manu
script, is one of the most important contributions which has ever
been made to the science of entomology. One cannot but feel
impressed, in reading his introductory chapter, with the soundness
of his views ; and an examination of his records of the habits of
insects and of his magnificent plates, in which all stages are por
trayed, indicate his enthusiasm and painstaking care.

In anatomy this period presents the important names of Mar-
cello Malpighi (16281694) an< ^ Johann Swammerdam (1637
1685), both physicians, the one of Bologna and the other of
Amsterdam. Antony van Leeuwenhoeck (1632 1723), a natu
ralist and physician of Delft, may also be classed here, more
especially for his microscopical researches, which are remark
able when it is remembered that his instrument was unable to
give much more than 100 diameters. His principal work, con
taining much about insects, is his "Arcana natures detecta ope
microscopiorum" 1695-1714, four volumes, which was trans
lated into English and German and went through many editions.

The first published treatise on the internal anatomy of insects
was the work of Malpighi, who has left an account of the
anatomy of the silk-worm (Dissertatio epistolica de Bombyce,
etc., London, 1664, 12 plates) in which he describes the dorsal
vessel, correctly calling it the heart, and also the respiratory
organs, the intestinal canal, and other organs, internal and ex
ternal.

Swammerdam is practically the founder of our knowledge of
the general anatomy of insects, and is one of the principal
writers on this subject. His first important work, " Historia
Insectorum generates" with 13 plates, appeared in 1669. His
chief work on insects, " Biblia naturcz," or " Bib el der
Natur" was not published, however, until long after his death,
by Boerhave (1737-8), and contains the exposition of his very

OF WASHINGTON. 95

advanced system of classification. Insects and other small allied
animals are separated into the major groups on the basis of
metamorphosis, now for the first time suggested as means of
classification. The subclasses are based, for the most part, on
characters taken from the perfect insects.

Four general classes are designated, as follows :

Class I. Insects which emerge from the egg in, or nearly, their ultimate
forms, as spiders, snails, earthworms, leeches, lice, etc., with two sub
classes based on the habit of being oviparous or viviparous respectively.

Class II. Insects which emerge from the egg with six feet and are active
throughout life, ultimately becoming winged, as locusts, dragon-flies,
ephemerids, earwigs, true bugs, etc., or practically insects having incom
plete metamorphosis. The ordinal groups in this section are not distin
guished.

Class III. Insects with incomplete metamorphosis, or having distinctive
egg, larval, pupal, and imago states, with two subclasses, the one with
free limbs in the pupal state, as Coleoptera, most Hymenoptera, and some
flies, and the other, in which the limbs are not free, for the Lepidoptera.

Class IV. Insects which do not shed the larval skin on completing larval
growth, but resume a condition, similar to an egg, in which the skin of
the mature larva serves as a sort of cocoon, as most Diptera (flesh-flies,
etc.).

In the case of this last section, Swammerclam recognized that
a true chrysalis is found ultimately with the old larval envelope
corresponding with that of class III, but nevertheless he con
sidered the character described a good one, and with less reason,
on the authority of Reaumur, who strongly criticised him, he
made his class IV include generally all worms living in caterpillars
(parasites) and in fruits, galls, and rotting wood.

As an influence on zoological science in general, John Ray is
perhaps the most important name of the period, though owing
very much in the department of insects to Swammerdam. Ray
was born in 1628 and died somewhere between 1704 and 1707.
He was an English theologian, and was one of the first of the
new school of naturalists to methodize his knowledge of the ani
mal kingdom, being with Swammerdam the forerunner and
principal guide of Linne in this department of natural science.
His chief writings are " Wisdom of God Manifested in the
Works of Creation" London, 1691, and "Historia Insec-
torum" 1700. In the preparation of the last he was much as-

96 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

sisted by Francis Willoughby (1635-1672). This work was
somewhat revised and republished in full with appendix by
Lister in 1710. His k ' Methodus Insectorum" appeared in Lon
don in 1705.

Ray's classification in the "Historia Insectorum" was based,
as already indicated, on Swammerdam's, which he followed very
closely, adopting the four general classes of the latter, and differ
ing only in some of the subdivisions which he carried out in
considerable detail. The important divergence is in class III,
which Ray subdivided into two sections, one for Coleoptera and
the other the anelytra, which latter is subdivided into the scaly
wings or Lepidoptera and the membranaceous winged insects
or some Diptera and most Hymenoptera.

The only other classifier of the period is Antonio Vallisnieri
(1661-1730), a celebrated professor of Padua, a physician and
naturalist, and the author of many short papers, and especially
of a new idea for the general classification of insects, based on
habits.* He divides them into four principal classes, with avast
number of subdivisions under each class. His principal divis
ions are as follows : i , insects inhabiting plants and nourished
by plants; 2, water or fluid insects; 3, insects inhabiting soil,
sand, mud, stones, and bones of dead animals ; 4, insects sub
sisting in or on other living animals. As an example of his
subdivisions, his class I has 42 subsections, each of which is
again more or less numerously subdivided.

Reaumur's own classification, if it may be called such, was
based altogether on habits and dealt prominently with whatever
stages, whether larval or adult, chanced to be the most apt to
come under observation. In other words, he associated insects
together and described them as he found them in nature, and as
his purpose was not to enumerate species and genera, but to give
the habits of common species and to facilitate the identification
of whatever form happened to be most noticeable, the classifica
tion which he adopted was well suited for his purpose.

Of the general writers of this period, two are especially
worthy of mention ; one of these, Filipo Bonanni, a Jesuit pro-

* E$perietize ed osservaziont intorne all' ortgine sviluppi e costumt di
varii insetti. 1713. Padua.

OF WASHINGTON. 97

fessor of the College of Rome (1638-1725), is noted for his con
nection with Kircher, already alluded to, and for his championing
of the theory of the origin of many insects from decaying animal
and vegetable matter. His work entitled " Observationes circa
viventia, quce in rebus non viventibus reperiuntur" etc.,
Rome, 1691, is indicative of this tendency. These views were
combatted by Malpighi and Leeuwenhoeck, and especially by
Francesco Redi (1626-1697), a celebrated writer and physician
of Arezzo, and a "declared enemy of superstition," chiefly in
his work, which appeared in many editions, entitled "Esperienze
intorno alia generazione degl' Insetti" Florence, 1668 (228
pp. and 29 copperplates of remarkable beauty).* By means of
careful experiments he exploded completely the idea of sponta
neous generation of insects, except in the case of gall insects,
which he supposed must come from a certain "soul in plants
which evolves these worms."

Martin Lister (1638-1711), a London physician, is chiefly
remembered in entomology for his translating or republishing
the works of Goedart and Ray. He is also the author of a
number of miscellaneous papers on popular subjects, such as the
" Acid of Ants " and "Cochineal Insects," and of a valuable
work on spiders (London, 1678).

A very important branch of the entomological work of this
period was in the delineation and characterization of insects as
exemplified by the painstaking work of Madam Merian, and
Messrs. Frisch, Catesby, andAlbin. At this time illustration by
copperplate engraving was in a vigorous and flourishing condi
tion and several expert engravers were very much interested in
insects and with incredible pains and industry produced hundreds
of very beautiful plates, most of them afterward hand-colored
from life. These very expensive works apparently met a prompt
demand and often went through several editions and were fre
quently translated and republished in other languages.

The most noted person of the period in this connection is
Madam Maria Sybilla Merian, a miniature painter, born in 1607
and dying in Amsterdam in 1717. She married a copper-

*I have seen only the Latin translation published in Amsterdam, 1671.

98 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

engraver, J. A. Graff, from whom she early separated. In her
work of illustrating insects she was assisted by her two daugh
ters, who continued the work after the death of their mother,
and the younger published Madam Merian's final great work
some time after her mother's death. Three very important works
were produced, one on larval transformations, with 100 colored
plates,* and a second on the insects of Surinam, with 60 colored
plates,! which was the result of a trip made to Surinam, S. A.,
for the special purpose of studying the insect fauna of that re
gion. Her last great work, entitled " History of the Insects of
Europe," 184 plates, J was published posthumously by her sec
ond daughter, who inherited much of her mother's talent. These
works are little more than a series of plates or illustrations with
explanations, but are finely engraved and colored from nature.
The life-long industry of this woman, when considered in con
nection with the vast amount of work which she accomplished,
and her zeal which led her to cross the Atlantic and study the in
sects of what is now Dutch Guiana, indicate an enthusiasm
which is rarely seen in any age, and have given her a unique and
honorable place in the history of entomology.

Johann Leonhard Frisch (16661743), rector of the Gymna
sium of Berlin, published a valuable work, in 13 parts, entitled
" Beschreibung von Allerley Insecten in Tiitschland, etc.,"
1720-1738, illustrated with many copperplates. It contains
much important matter relating to common and injurious species.

Mark Catesby (1679-1749) was a noted naturalist traveler
who journeyed in North America, and in his natural history of
Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, 2 volumes, folio,
London, 17341743, illustrated with 220 colored plates, figured
to some little extent the insects of the region mentioned.

Eleazar Albin, an English painter, residing in London, pub
lished a "Natural History of English Insects" (London, 1720),
" illustrated with a hundred copper plates, curiously engraven
from the life, and (for those who desire it) exactly coloured by

* Der Rauf>en ivunderbare Verivandlung, und sonderbare Blumen-
nahrung, etc., 2 vols., Nurnberg, 1674-1683.

t Metamorphosis insectorum Stirinamensium, etc., Amsterdam, i75-
\De Buropiscke Insecten, etc , Amsterdam, 1730.

OF WASHINGTON. 99

the author. " This work went through several editions. He
published also a " Natural History of Spiders and other curious
Insects" (1736), with 53 copperplates.

His work on insects is little more than a series of very excellent
plates illustrating food-plants, early stages, and adults, with
frequent parasites, and with single page descriptions of the plates,
each of which is dedicated to some royal or noble person, sub
scriber to the work. Brief descriptions are given of the different
stages and the habits of the insects, and references are given also
to the older authors who have treated the same insects.

These with Reaumur were the great illustrators of the period,
and their output represents a very considerable amount of the
work accomplished in entomology.

In looking over this period one is impressed with true fact that
in the study of life-histories of insects, as typified by the work of
Reaumur, Goedart, and Frisch, the results are as good as any
since accomplished. In the study of the metamophoses, anatomy,
and physiology of insects, which was almost pioneer work, and
in the portrayal of insects and their transformations the period is
also notable for its excellent output. In the beginning of a philo
sophical classification of insects, Swammerdam and Ray's work,
while very imperfect, cannot be overestimated as furnishing the
basis and guide for the later and more satisfactory system of
Linne. One witnesses also the beginning of wholesome original
work and the final abandonment of the ancient superstitions
relative to the origin of most insects. The work in general,
therefore, of this pre-Linnean period is, much of it, of a most
excellent character, and indicates that the science of entomology
had intelligent and learned votaries and had reached a very
advanced position long before the work of the great Swedish
naturalist gave it a definite basis in nomenclature.

Group IV. Linne and Contemporaries.

We now come to Linne and his contemporaries, representing
in entomology a small group of workers, but containing a number
of names which are still well known. This period includes the
generation born between 1700 and 1740, and its principal repre
sentatives, arranged chronologically, are as follows :

100 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Principal Contemporaries of Linne.

Clerck (Carl Alexander). Died in 1765. Was a Swedish painter and a pupil
of Linne*. He was the author of several important papers on insects,
and an illustrated work on spiders, using the binomial system of
nomenclature (1757) one year earlier than Linnd's loth edition.

Bartram (JohnX 1701-1778. " The Quaker naturalist of Philadelphia ; "
was chiefly a botanist, but wrote short articles on wasps, dragon-flies,
the cicada, etc., in Philos. Trans. Phila. 1745-1763.

Roesel von R ose nkof( August Johann). 1705-1759. A miniature painter
of Nuremburg, and a very ingenious observer and delineator of natural-
history subjects, chiefly insects. Was author of'Der monatl/ch heraus-
gegebenen Insecten-Belustigung" ("Recreations with Insects, pub
lished monthly"), 4 vols., 1746-1761, 356 colored plates.

Wilkes (Benjamin). Works 1741-1773. Author of 120 colored copper
plates of English moths and butterflies, representing their changes
into caterpillars, chrysalid and fly states, and plants, flowers, and
fruits whereon they feed, with natural history and index of insects and
plants adapted to the Linnean system. Two editions, London.

Linne (Charles von). 1707-1778. Professor of Natural History at Upsala.
Principal works: " Systema Natures" 1735 (loth edition, adopting bi
nomial system, 1758); "-Fauna Suecica" 1746.

Lyonet (Pierre). 1706 or 7-1789. Interpreting Secretary to the United
Provinces (Holland). " Traite anatomiqtie de la Chenille qui Ronge le
bois de saule, etc." 1760, La Hague. Same work somewhat extended,
616 pp., 18 plates, 1762.

Sepp (Christian). A copperplate engraver of Amsterdam (Holland).
Real name probably Smith or Schmidt. Published Nederlandische
Insecten, etc., 1762 on; continued by his son John Christian Sepp
(1739-1811). The plates illustrating the work by the elder Sepp have
never been excelled in engraving and coloring.

Abbott (John). Work published in part by Smith (1759-1828) in 1797.

Kalm (Pehr). 1713-1797. A pupil of Linne; was sent to America by the
Swedish government and traveled extensively in the colonies.
"Travels in N. A." (i753~'6i), Stockholm, and other papers in which
are many references to the common insects of this country.

Schaejfer (Jacob Christian). 1718-1790 A doctor of theology and clergy
man of Regensburg. Principal works: ^ Element ia Entomologica"
1766, 135 colored plates; and "Icones Insectorum circa Raftzbonam
indigenorum" 1778, 149 colored plates.

DeGeer (Carl). 1720-1778. A baron and marshal of the court of the
Queen of Sweden and member of the Academy of Stockholm. Gave
much of his fortune to furthering science Wrote "Mtmoirs pour
servir a Vhistoire des Insectes" 7 vols., 338 plates.

OF WASHINGTON. 101

Bonnet (Charles). 1720-1793. A celebrated philosopher and naturalist of
Geneva and author of " T'raite' d 1 Insectologic ou observations sur les
Pticerons" 2 vols., Paris, 1745, and many other works.

Scopolt (Jean Antoine). 1723-1788. Physician in Idria ; later professor
of chemistry and botany in Pavia. Chief work: "Entomologia Car-
niolica" etc., 1/63. 111.)

Geoffrey (Etienne Louis). 1727-1810. Physician, Paris. Author of
"Histoire abregee des insectes" etc. rst edit. 1762; last 1799.

The noteworthy events of this period are the establishment of a
binomial system of nomenclature by Linne in lieu of the old cum
bersome descriptive clauses and the fixed definitions of genera
and species by Linne, Schaeffer, DeGeer, Bonnet, Scopoli, and
Clerck.

In this and the later periods, time will not allow me to go
much into detail. Linne's system of clasification, however, I
will briefly describe on account of the interest which attaches to
it in relation to and as an outgrowth of the older systems. His
earliest classification of insects in the first edition of his Systema
Naturcz (1735) is much inferior to the older systems of Swam-
merdam and Ray, as the following statement of his four classes,
illustrates :

Class I. Four wings, of which the two upper are crustaceous

(Coleoptera and Orthoptera) ............................. Coleoptera.

Class II. Two or four wings, (Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Hy-

menopt-ra and Diptera) .................................. Angioptera.

Class III. Four wings of which the two superior are half mem

branous ......................................................... Hemiptera.

Class IV. Without wings ............ ..................................... Aptera.

The successive editions of this work vastly modified and im
proved this table, and the form it assumed in the i2th edition
(1767), which follows, has since been accepted for most of the
orders substantially as he left it.

f r c .. (Crustaceous, with straight suture ...... Coleoptera, i

ouperior %

(Semicrustaceous, incumbent ............. Hemiptera, 2

\ (Imbricated with scales ...................... Lepidoptera, 3

c -J

All .......

- ^Unarmed ..... ...Neuroptera. 4

( Membranous. Anus < f

(Aculeate ........ Hymenoptera, 5

2. Halteres in place of posteriors ............................ Diptera, 6

o. Without either wings or elytra ........................... Aptera, 7

102 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

In all the editions of his work from the ist to the nth, Linne
united the Orthoptera with the Coleoptera, but in the i2th edi
tion the Orthoptera are placed with the Hemiptera, with which
they have much less relationship. His Aptera contains not only
the insects now usually so classed, but also certain lice, the fleas,
spiders, mites, myriapods, etc.

The other important systems of classification of this period are
those of DeGeer and Geoffrey, both much inferior to that of
Linne. The former, DeGeer, first employed the mouth-parts as
n means of classification, and separated the Orthoptera definitely
under the name of Hemiptera the true bugs being variously
divided, but for the most part placed in the order Siphonata.
He made in all 14 classes. Geoffroy gives 6 classes or orders
and in the classification of the Coleoptera first makes use, as a
means of separation, of the number of tarsal joints.

In the anatomy of insects the work of Pierre Lyonet, an en
graver of extraordinary ability and anatomist of the first rank,
has not been approached in later years either in accuracy and
minuteness of dissection or beauty of illustration, and is still the
standard source of information relative to the larvae of Lepi-
doptera.

The very elaborate works illustrating insects and life-histories
of the former period were continued in the present by Roesel von
Rosenhof, Wilkes, Abbott, Sepp, Schaeffer, DeGeer, Geoffroy,
and Bonnet. The latter, who was in a sense a pupil of Reau
mur's, is to be remembered for having discovered the continued
fertility of plant-lice in the absence of males, through many
successive generations.

Relating more particularly to the insects of America were
certain papers by John Bartram, published in the Philadelphia
Transactions, and the works of Pehr Kalm, whose travels in
North America, published in Stockholm, 1753-1761, contain
much interesting information relative to the common insects of
this country at that early period, and, most important of all, the
illustrations of Lepidoptera of Georgia by Abbott, published in
part by Smith in ^97.

The enthusiasm for the illustration of insects, represented by
this period and the last, has never been surpassed in later years,

OF WASHINGTON. 103

and is interesting not only from the excellence of much of the
work, but from the fact, already alluded to, that these works
seemed to be much in demand, often going through many
editions.

Group V. Pupils and Immediate Followers of Linne.

The period following that of the contemporaries of Linne" and
scarcely separable from it may be made to include Linnets pupils
and immediate followers, and covers the very prolific 50 years,
especially for descriptive and systematic entomology, between
1775 and 1825.

The well-known names of this period are so numerous that it
is impossible to refer to them in detail, and the increase of the
number of persons who really accomplished notable results in
connection with the many societies and journals devoted to en
tomology which started about this time is an illustration of the
inspiration which Linne produced. It must be remembered also
that at this early period work in entomology, so far as it related
to the characterization and naming of insects, was a comparatively
new field, and that the collector in any new region had practi
cally no need to trouble himself about whether or no a species
had been earlier described. Much of the enthusiasm, therefore,
is undoubtedly due to the fact that the material was ample and
easy of access, and the difficulties which have resulted in later
years from the separation of species into thousands of small
genera and the more close and careful scrutiny of species them
selves had not then arisen to make systematic work difficult.
Some of the important names of the period follow :

Pupils and Immediate Followers of Linne.

(Writings: 1775-1825; born 1740-1790.)
Esper (Eugen Johann Christoph). 1742-1810. Professor in Erlangen.

(Work on butterflies of Europe and foreign countries, illustrated

with colored copperplates.)
Herbst (Johann Friedrich Wilhelm). 1743-1807. Military Chaplain in

Berlin. (Work, popular and general; also systematic and classifi-

catory).
Thunberg (Carl Peter.) 1743-1828. Followed Linne as Professor ot

Natural History at Upsala. (Work, chiefly descriptive.)

104 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Fabricius (Johann Christian). 1745-1808. Professor of Natural History
and Rural Economy at Kiel. (Descriptive and systematic.)

Schrank (Franz von Paula). 1747-1835. Professor in Ingolstadt, Bavaria.
(Work, general.)

Cramer (Pieter). Works 1778-1782. A merchant of Amsterdam. (400
colored plates of exotic butterflies.)

Huber (Frangois). 1750-1831. (Work on bees in which his son Jean
Pierre assisted.)

Panzer (George Wolfgang Franz). 1755-1829. A physician of Nurnberg.
(Work: " Deutschlands Insecten," 1793-1813, colored illustrations of
each species.)

Olivier (Antoine Guillaume). 1756-1814. Professor of Zoology at Alfort.
("Hist. Nat. des Insectes," etc. ; many colored plates.)

Peck (William Dandridge). 1756-1820. Professor of Botany in Harvard
College. (General economic.)

Smith (James Edward). 1759-1828. (Natural History of the Insects of
Georgia, etc. Abbott 104 colored plates.)

Kirby (William). 1759-1850. An English clergyman. ("An Introduc
tion to Entomology," etc., with Spence.)

Hiibner (Jacob). 1761-1826. A painter of Augsburg. (Lepid.-Europ.
and Exotic.)

Meigen (Johann Wilhelm). 1763-1845. A German naturalist. (Diptera
of Europe.)

Fallen (Carl Friedrich). 1764-1830. Professor of Natural History in Lund.
(Diptera.)

Latreille (Pierre Andre;. 1767-1833. (Hist. Nat. general et particuliere
des crustac&s et des Insectes, 14 vols., 112 pis., Paris, 1802-1805.
" Genera Crustaceoriim et Insectorum" 4 vols., ill., Paris, 1806, in
which families as subdivisions of orders were first used.)

Cuvier (George Leopold Chretien Dagobert.) 1769-1832. ("Z, Regne
animal," etc.)

von Humboldt (Friedrich Heinrich Alexander). 1769-1859. German phy
sician, traveller, and naturalist.

Wiedemann (Christian Rudolph Wilhelm) 1770-1840. Professor in Kiel.
(Descriptive and monographic chiefly Diptera.)

Lepelletier (Amede'e Louis Michel, Compte de Sainte Fargeau.) 1770-
1845. (General and Hymenoptera.)

Clark (Bracy). 1770-1860. An English veterinary surgeon. (CEstridse.)

Sturm (Jacob). 1771-1848. A physician in Nurnberg. (Hundreds of col
ored copperplates of the insects of Germany.)

Illiger (Johann Carl Wilhelm). 1775-1815. Professor in Berlin. (Cata
logues, etc., founder of " Mag. filr Insecfenkunde."}

Klug ( Johann Christoph Friedrich). 1775-1856. A physician in Berlin.
(Chiefly Hymenoptera.)

OF WASHINGTON. 105

Spence (William.) I77S( ?)-i86o. ("An Introduction to Entomology,"
etc. With Kirby.)

Treitsckke (Friedrich). 1776-1842. Manager of the Royal Theatre, Vienna.
(Continued Ochsenheimer's "Die Schmetterlinge von Europa."}

Gravenhorst (Johann Ludwig Carl). 1777-1857. Professor of Natural
Sciences in University of Breslau. (Parasitic hymenoptera.)

De Jean (Compte Pierre Francois Marie Auguste). 1780-1845. Lieut.-
Gene*ral, etc. (Collector and coleopterist.)

Spinola 'Marchese Maximiliano) 1780-1875. A Genoese nobleman.
(Descr. papers in French and Italian.)

Dufour (Leon). 1782-1865. French physician. (Anatomical and de
scriptive.)

Bouche (Peter Friedrich). 1784-1856. Head gardener in Berlin. (Chiefly
economic.)

Zetterstedt (Johann Wilhelm). 1785-1874. Professor in Lund. (Gen
eral descr. , for the most part Dipt.)

Germar (Ernst Friedrich). 1786-1853. Professor of mineralogy in Halle.
(General ; Germar's Mag.)

Say (Thomas). 1787-1834. (General descriptive.)

This list of names scarcely needs further amplification to the
members of this Society, even if my time admitted it, to indicate
the characteristics or value of the work accomplished. Promi
nent in descriptive and systematic writings in general entomology
are Herbst, Thunberg, Fabricius, Schrank, Latreille, De Jean,
Spinola, and Say. In Lepidoptera, the names of Esper,
Hubner, and Treitschke will be remembered ; in Diptera,
Meigen, Fallen, Wiedemann, and Zetterstedt ; in Hymenoptera,
Lepelletier, Gravenhorst, and Klug ; in illustrations and natural
history, many of the above and also Kramer, Hubner, Olivier,
Smith and Abbott, Humboldt, and Sturm ; in economics, Peck,
Clark, and Bouche ; in anatomy, Dufour and Cuvier ; in gen
eral entomology, Kirby and Spence and Panzer ; and as founders
of entomological magazines, Illiger and Germar.

Since I have referred especially to systems of classifications in
the foregoing pages, it seems necessary to devote a paragraph to
this subject in connection with this period also. The most emi
nent names in this regard are Fabricius arid Latreille. The
classification of Fabricius as he finally left it, containing 13
orders, all of which were newly named, was based solely on the
character of the mouth-parts, which resulted in a general disasso-
ciation of allied groups. His characterizations of genera and

106 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

species, however, hold for the most part to-day. Various
attempts were made by Illiger, Oliver, and others to combine
the systems of Linne and Fabricius, with results which were far
from satisfactory, and no real advance was made until Latreille
and the other systematic workers of his time, as Lamarck, Cu-
vier, Kirby, and Spence, etc., gave their efforts to this subject.
To Latreille, chiefly, however, the credit is due for the final
proper limiting of the Class Insecta, and the separation of the
groups represented by the Myriapoda, Arachnida, Crustacea,
etc., which had hitherto been generally associated with insects,
and especially for the establishment of a natural system of classi
fication of insects based on a combination of the characters
metamorphosis, wings, and mouth-parts formerly employed
respectively by Swammerdam and Ray, Linne and DeGeer.
Latreille should be especially mentioned also as the father of
the family names as subdivisions of orders which were later
given, as has been recently pointed out by Dr. Gill, uniform
(patronymic) terminations on the recommendation of Kirby.

This period overlaps and is really a continuation of the Lin-
nean period. Thunberg, Fabricius, and others of this period
were students of Linn6, at Upsala, and the former afterwards
followed Linne" as professor of natural history. It will be noted
that most of the distinguished entomologists of this period were
either professors in universities or were physicians. Several of
the important illustrators, as in the former period, were either
painters or engravers. Treitschke was manager of the Royal
Theatre at Vienna ; Clark was an English veterinary surgeon ;
Douche" was a master gardener in Berlin ; Kirby was an English
clergyman ; and Spinola was a Genoese nobleman.

Group VI. The ityth- Century Writers.

We now come to a generation which connects closely with
the last and touches the one in which we live. It includes the
authors born between 1790 and 1815. In this period the activi
ties which were so marked in the last were continued with
scarcely diminished zeal and prolificness. These two periods
together are the great working eras in the history of the science

OF WASHINGTON.

107

of entomology, and in glancing through Hagen's Bibliotheca it
is seen that a large proportion of the important names in the
science fall within these limits. The list of the chief writers of
this period is herewith presented, arranged chronologically :

Important i gift- Century Writers.
(Born between 1790 and 1815.*)

Straus-Duerkheim 1790-1865.
Stephens. 1792-1852.
Eschscholtz. 1793-1831.
Passerini. 1793-1857.
Macquart. (i794)-i855-
MacJLeay. (1794) -1865.
Harris. 1795-1856.
Kollar. 1797-1860.
Mulsant. 1797-1880.
Audouin. 1797-1841.
Mannerheim. (i798)-i854-
Curtis. (i798)-i862.
Desvoidy. 1799-1857.
Gue*rin-Meneville. 1799-1874.
Herrich-Schaeffer. 1799-1874.
Boisduval. 1799-1879.
Gene. 1800-1847.
Lacordaire. 1801-1870.
Ratzeburg. 1801- 1871.
Newman. 1801-1876.
Aube". 1802-1869.
Newport. 1803-1854.
Morris. 1803-1879.
Kirchner. (i8o3)-i879-
Laporte. (1803)-
von Siebold. 1804-1884.
Smith, F. 1805-1879.

West wood. 1805-1893.
Lucas. (1805)-
Dahlbom. 1806-1859.
Hope. (i8o6)-i862.
Chevrolat. (i8o6)-i885.
Duncan. (1807)-
Agassiz. 1807-1873.
Loew. 1807-1879.
Burmeister. 1807-1892.
Walsh. 1808-1869.
Wesmael. (1808)- 1879.
Ferris. 1808-1878.
Guene"e. 1808-1880.
Zeller. 1808-1883.
Schuckard. (1809)-
Motschulsky. (1809)-! 871.
Walker. 1809-1874.
Brulle". 1809-
Fitch. 1809-1879.
Darwin. 1809-1882.
Doubleday. 1810-1849.
Waterhouse. 1810-1888.
Schioedte. (181 0-1884.
Murray. 1812-1878.
Haldeman. 1812-1880.
Glover. 1813-1883.
Costa. (1813)-
LeBaron. 1814-1876.

Hartig. 1805-1880.

While this list includes the name of Darwin, who was born in
the same year with Fitch and only two or three years later than
Westwood, Agassiz and Burmeister, Darwin's epoch-making
work, the " Origin of Species," appeared too late in his life
(1868-9) to exert much influence on many of the writers listed.

* Where date of birth is unknown it is estimated provisionally about 25
years earlier than first writing and inclosed in brackets.

108 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Time does not offer to particularize the work done by the
authors mentioned. In the descriptive and systematic field the
workers were numerous. The general subject was covered by La
Porte, Walker, and Gene. In Coleoptera were Eschscholtz,
Mannerheim, Lacordaire, Mulsant, Chevrolat, Aube, Water-
house, Schioedte, Murray, and Motschulsky. In Diptera, Des-
voidy, Macquart, and Loew. In Lepidoptera, Schaeffer, Bois-
duval, Zeller, Morris, Doubleday, andGuenee. In Hymenoptera,
Brulle, Hartig, Shuckard, Smith, Kirchner, Dahlbom, and
Walsh. In illustrations and natural history, Stevens, Passerini,
Harris, Curtis, and Perris. In economics, several of those
mentioned and Kollar, Guerin-Meneville, Ratzeburg, and Fitch.
In anatomy, Strauss-Duerkheim, Audouin, Newport, and Bur-
meister. In general writings, Stevens, Guerin-Meneville, Dun
can, MacLeay, Newman, Westwood, Burmeister, Hope, Lucas,
Walsh, Glover, Haldeman, LeBaron, and Costa. Hagen, the
great bibliographer, and specialist in Neuroptera as well as in
the general subject, though born somewhat later, belongs with
this group of entomologists.

I have not classified with the above a group of entomologists
born a little later (1815-1850) but forming practically a continua
tion of this group, and represented in part by the older living
writers of the present day or immediately preceding the generation
just beginning to take a prominent place in the science. This
group covers the later life of Charles Darwin, and the workers of
the period were more influenced by him, and their investigation and
studies bear more directly on the difficult and intricate questions
connected with biogenesis which his work brought into special
prominence.

Of these writers, prominent in the study of Coleoptera are
Redtenbacher, Schaum, LeConte, Thompson, Blackburn, Crotch,
Lindemann, and Horn. In Diptera, Snellen van Vollenhoven,
Rondani, Osten Sacken, Schiner, Brauer, Bergenstamm, Mik,
and Van der Wulp. In Lepidoptera, Stainton, Scudder, Ed
wards, Clemens, Grote, Fernald, and many others. In Hem-
iptera, Signoret, Stal. Douglas, Marshall, and Uhler. In
Hymenoptera, Foerster, Kirby, De Saussure, Zaddach, Cres-
son, Provancher, Bassett, Brischke, Mayr, and Holmgren. In

OF WASHINGTON. 109

general writings, Gerstaecker, Leuckart, Leech, Donovan, Bates,
Brauer, Kaltenbach, Taschenberg, Lubbock, Riley, Wallace,
Packard, and Lintner. Scudder's work in palaso-entomology
and Laboulbene's in anatomy should also be mentioned.

This summary of the workers in entomology from the earliest
period to our own generation has been most fragmentary and
incomplete, but may be sufficient to indicate the great interest
which the subject has always aroused, and furnishes a basis for
the estimate which will be given later of the extent and character
of the work which has been accomplished.

The Literature of Entomology.

That the accumulated writings on insects of all these centuries
of activity make a very considerable mass of literature, hardly
needs stating. It may be interesting, therefore, to make as care
ful an estimate as may be of the actual amount of published
matter which has resulted from these several hundred years of
investigation and printing of results.

The conditions, in the matter of available literature immedi
ately prior to Linne, are somewhat indicated by Reaumur, who,
writing in 1734, complains of the fewness of works in the French
language which treat of insects and says that even in other lan
guages the number is not great and the majority of them contain
a large amount of observations for the most part made in such a
manner as to please only those already interested in such studies,
and not calculated to arouse interest in others. He mentions
critically the writers of the periods preceding his own, most of
whom have already been referred to in the preceding portions of
this paper.

In such ancient compiled works, however, as those of Pliny,
^Elien, Aldrovandi, Moufet, etc., the number of authors referred
to is often very large in some instances including almost every
important writer of antiquity. In the Theatrum Insectorum of
Gesner, Moufet, et al., over 400 ancient authors are listed, many
of whom, of course, referred to insects incidentally only. Pliny
refers by name to less than a dozen Roman and foreign writers
in the text of his chapter on insects, but he often mentions writers

110 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in a general way without specifying the person or persons. In
summarizing the authors quoted at the end of Book XI he men
tions some 21 Roman and 25 foreign writers, but as more than
one-half of the book deals with other animals, one-half of the
references probably concern other subjects. As early even as
the time of Reaumur, however, in spite of the latter's complaint
of the dearth of literature, there must have been many entomo
logical works if they could have been made accessible. Linne",
only a few years after Reaumur, consulted or referred to some
where between 75 and 100 authors, but mentions about 30 only
as important (i2th edition), and Geoffroy towards the close of
the same century (1799) refers to a little over 50 authors.

Kirby and Spence, in the preparation of their Introduction to
Entomology, consulted some 262 authors, referring among others
to Lord Bacon, Erasmus Darwin, Oliver Goldsmith, Thomas
Tusser, and Isaac Walton, and most of the old writers who have
already been mentioned in the preceding pages. They also con
sulted the transactions of some 14 societies and 19 periodical
works, of which 4 only were strictly entomological, and these
all in German.

The vast number of entomological papers and works which
began to appear about this time is indicated by the complaint of
Lacordaire, writing early in the present century. He says :
" Their number is such and they succeed each other so rapidly
that one of the principal difficulties for those who cultivate the
science seriously is to keep track of the innumerable publications
which flood us from all quarters."

Hagen's monumental work, " Bibliotheca Entomologica,"
brings the record of the literature relating to insects from the
earliest times down to the year 1862. He lists some 4,766 au
thors and enumerates 18,130 distinct titles, together with 851
anonymous publications. Vast as this collection is, it is neces
sarily far from being a complete list of the writings on insects
up to that time. It must be remembered, however, that a large
percentage of the titles enumerated by Hagen relate to bees and
silk-worms, and that many of the papers are very brief and un
important. On the other hand, many of the works are very
extensive, often amounting to many volumes, and it therefore

OF WASHINGTON. 1 1 1

seems within bounds to estimate the number of volumes at one-
half the titles enumerated or 9,000 volumes. This estimate
leaves out the anonymous communications, most of which are
short, and does not account for a great deal of fugitive writing
which escaped Hagen's knowledge.

There is no easy means of estimating the amount of published
matter which has appeared since the time of Hagen's Bibliotheca,
except in a little later data which he himself has given. That
the annual additions of published matter, however, are enormous
is shown by a brief examination of the yearly volumes of the
Zoological Record, Zoologischer Anzeiger, Taschenberg's Bib
liotheca Zoologica, and other similar works. In the last volume
of the Zoological Record, that for 1895, 1,251 titles of publica
tions on insects are catalogued, the mere description and indexing
of which occupy 387 pages. In the year previous the number of
titles was almost as great. A very conservative estimate of the
amount of published matter which is thus added yearly to the
stock of entomological literature, estimating roughly in 5oo-page
volumes, places the number of such volumes at 75. That 2,000
volumes have been added to the stock of entomological literature
during the 35 years since the publication of Hagen's Bibliotheca
is, therefore, a conservative estimate.

A form of literature which is not, or to a very slight extent,
included in the above estimates is the economic phase of the sub
ject, which, of late years, has assumed very considerable propor
tions. In Henshaw's "Bibliography of the More Important
Contributions to American Economic Entomology, " brought
down to 1888, are included the names of over 500 writers and
5,424 titles. The publications, of this character, for the most
part subsequent to 1888, by the State Agricultural Experiment
Stations, established under the Hatch Act, were listed up to July,
1894, by Mr. Howard in the address referred to at the outset of
this paper, and amount to about 300 separate bulletins and reports.
Since that date, about 200 additional publications have appeared
from this source. This large amount of so-called economic writ
ings is much of it repetition and little of it is of such a character
as to become a portion of the permanent literature of the science
of entomology. The records of such writings in this country are

112 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

very complete, but in the similar economic literature of Germany,
France, and other European countries the records have not been
collected with the same pains, and most of the literature is
unknown except in the limited districts in which it finds first
circulation, but the combined bulk of it must be almost as great
foi these countries as it is in the United States, especially in
Germany, where forestry inspectors and entomologists are
numerous, and in France, where agricultural and horticultural
schools abound.

From the foregoing data I do not think I am likely to exceed
the truth in putting the bulk of the writings on insects available
to-day at the equivalent of from 12 to 15 thousand volumes.
This estimate does not include the recent literature of apiculture,
the extent of which in later years may be gathered from the fact
that, as listed for me by Mr. Benton, there are now some 63
journals devoted to this special subject, Germany standing at the
head with some 30, the United States following with 8, and
many other countries represented by from i to 3 or 4 each.

The Number of Persons Interested in the Science at Vari
ous Periods.

Another field for estimate which has some interest is to deter
mine the number of individuals at various times in the past who
were interested in and wrote more or less on the subject of in
sects. For the earlier centuries we have no means of estimating,
with any accuracy, the number of working entomologists at any
given time since the records relate only to the more important
names. Some idea of their number may be gained by refer
ence to the number of available works at various periods already
given (seep. 109-110).

To determine the number of individuals who are interested in
entomology at the present time is also a difficult matter, since
all available records are unsatisfactory. The volume of the
Zoological Record for 1895 contains a list of 625 authors who
dealt with insects proper, and 200 additional who wrote on
Arachnida and Myriapoda. An examination of the volumes for
the few years immediately preceding 1895 reveals three or four

OF WASHINGTON. 113

hundred additional names in recent literature, so that from this
source alone we have a record of probably 1,000 persons now
living and writing on the subject of insects.

The minutely divided subject-indexes, with consequent fre
quent duplication of names of Taschenberg's Bibliotheca
Zoologica, and similarly of the Zoologischer Anzeiger, Zoolog-
ischer Jahresbericht or Bertkau's Entomologischer Bericht,
make these sources of information useless for the purpose of esti
mating the number of living writers. Many of the writers on
economic subjects fail to be listed in any of these registers. The
number of such writers for America alone is indicated by Hen-
shaw's lists, already referred to, which enumerate 560 authors,
most of whom are still living.

It seems to me, therefore, reasonable to say that there are from
twelve to fifteen hundred people now living whose writings on
insects are of such a character as to be noticed in such standard
annual works of record as the Zoologischer Anzeiger, Zoological
Record, etc., with probably an equal number who fail of record
or write more or less on purely local and economic subjects.
This does not include the writers on bees to any extent.

These figures leave out of account the very large number of
collectors of insects who rarely, if ever, write on the subject.
Perhaps the best available source of estimating this class of
workers in entomology is Friedlander's " Zoologisches Adress-
buch or International Zoological Directory," Berlin, 1895.
From an estimate based on the index of this work, which in
cludes both writers and collectors, it appears that some 4,800
persons are writing on various topics connected with the general
subject of insects or are interested in collections. There are
necessarily many duplications in this index, and, on the other
hand, a great many omissions, but from this and the other sources
of information named it is safe to assume that between three and
four thousand persons living at the present time are sufficiently
interested in entomology to get into the records, either as writers
or collectors.

However incomplete the foregoing estimates may be, both as
to amount of published matter and the number of persons now
interested in the science of entomology, and more or less actively

114 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

engaged in working up material or studying habits or investi
gating questions in biology, etc., enough has been said to show
somewhat the vast amount of interest which has been taken in
the subject and the vast amount of work done.

WHAT HAS BEEN, AND WHAT REMAINS TO BE, ACCOMPLISHED.

What has been accomplished by all of this industry in the
actual knowledge of the characters, habits, life-histories, etc., of
insects has not been estimated, nor is it my purpose to attempt
an analysis of the work of all these years, nor to discuss special
fields of investigation. I wish, however, to draw attention to
the phase of this subject covered by the description of species
and genera, which, since the time of Linne, has commonly been
the preliminary step.

This brings me to the consideration of the probable number of
true species of living insects, both as to those which have been
described in the literature referred to and those which remain
yet undiscovered or undescribed. It would be interesting, if
time allowed, to estimate the number of insects which have been
studied biologically, or the amount of work which has been
done, as a means of understanding the anatomy of insects, and
similarly for all the other fields of work in entomology, but I
shall have to limit myself to the single consideration mentioned.

Estimates of the Number of Species, Described and Unde
scribed.

That insects are very abundant is so self-evident that it proba
bly never occurred to the early writers that it would be possible
to estimate the actual number of distinct forms, or, at any rate,
we have no such estimate until w r e come down to the time of
John Ray. In his work, published in London about 1690, en
titled "The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Crea
tion," Ray makes various estimates of the probable number of
plants and animals, and estimates the number of species of in
sects for the whole world at 20,000. In this connection it may
be of interest to note that he places the number of beasts, in
cluding serpents, at 150, and adds that, according to his belief,

OF WASHINGTON. 115

not many that are of any considerable bigness in the known
regions of the world have escaped the cognizance of the curious.
The number of birds he estimated at 500. The smallness of all
these estimates and the confidence which the author expressed in
their completeness are interesting at this day and in the light of
present knowledge.

In the 1 2th edition of Linne's Systema Naturae (1767), on
the authority of Dr. Sharp something less than 3,000 species of
insects are listed, but no general estimate of the total number of
species seems to have been made by Linne.

We have records of various estimates made early in the present
century. MacLeay estimated, about 1820, that the collections
of Europe contained some 100,000 species of insects, which was
accepted as correct by Latreille. Burmeister, however, estimates
the number at 80,000. Taking this last figure as a basis, Lacor-
daire (1838) estimates the proportion of the known species to
the unknown by orders and arrives at the conclusion that the
total number of species of insects is 362,000. This result he
also proves ( ?) by an estimate based on the number of plants of
the world. Taking De Candolle's estimate of plants for the en
tire globe at 110,000 or 120,000 species and supposing that there
would be on an average three insects to each plant, he finds the
total of insects to be between 330,000 and 360,000. A little
earlier Kirby and Spence, by a similar deduction, found the total
number of insects to be 400,000, which figure Lacordaire con
sidered to be too great. The only old estimate commonly
quoted is that given by Dr. John Day, in a letter to Mr. Spence
in 1853, in which the total number of insects is placed at 250,-
ooo species, a very considerable advance on the number fixed by
Ray, but much lower than the figures of an earlier period al
ready quoted.

A number of estimates have since been made by various
writers, including Lord Walsingham, Dr. David Sharp, Profes
sor Riley, and others. In 1883 Dr. Sharp said: ''As a result
of a moderate estimate it appears probable that the number of spe
cies of true insects existing at present on our globe is somewhere
between 500,000 and one million." Dr. Sharp and Lord Walsing
ham, in 1889, extended the number of species of insects to a prob-

116 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

able two millions. Professor Riley in 1892 made a careful esti
mate of the number of existing species of insects on the globe,
basing it on a careful computation of the number of species
already described and the percentage of new species which are
always turning up in collections in new or little worked territo
ries. He placed the number of actual species at ten millions,
and considered this to be a moderate figure.

A very interesting statement compiled by Mr. Kenyon has
recently appeared in the American Naturalist, giving in tabular
form the number of described species of living animals in the
different classes, as known in the years 1830, 1881, and 1896.
This puts the number of described insects, excluding Arachnida
and Myriapoda, at 49,000 in 1830, 220,000 in 1881, and 230,000
in 1896. Mr. Ashmead, in a former presidential address before
this Society, estimated the number of described species of insects
at 250,000. The records from which the 230,000 estimate just
given was made are necessarily incomplete and it is probable
that Mr. Ashmead's figure is the more nearly correct. In the
statement just referred to in the American Naturalist the total
number of described animals in all classes was only 366,000,
and, as will be noted, insects with spiders and Myriapods repre
sent nearly 250,000 of these, leaving only a little over 100,000
for all other animals.

From these figures and Prof. Riley's estimate of the number
of insects, it is apparent, as Mr. Kenyon suggests, that a reasona
ble census of the whole animal kingdom would be about 15,000,-
ooo living species, of which 10,000,000 would be of insects.

It is interesting to note in this connection that Dr. Sharp has
recently computed that in the matter of bulk insects probably
outrank all other animals together, their small size being more
than counterbalanced by the vast number of species and enormous
number of individuals.

If we take the estimate of the number of insects in the world
at 10,000,000 as a reasonable one, and that at the present time
250,000 of these have been described and are preserved in collec
tions and are known to entomologists, it will be seen that only i
insect in 40 of the existing species is known, and this fact would
seem to throw grave doubt on much of our classifications and

OF WASHINGTON. 117

characterizations of genera, particularly in the groups of the
smaller species, and especially when we remember that the dis
coveries of every year cause constant revision of previous studies
in both of these particulars.

The vastness of the field of entomology is indicated by the fore
going figures, and that the field is practically inexhaustible from
the present standpoint seems to be also fully demonstrated.

Present Rate of Description, and Probable Time of Com
pletion of the Work.

It is an interesting problem to determine how many years more
it will take to describe the insects of the world at the present rate
of progress. The activity in collecting and describing insects has
never been greater than at the present time, and the number of
workers is being increased yearly ; but as the more accessible
regions of the world are worked over, the securing of new species
will become more and more difficult and it is reasonable to sup
pose that even with the constant increase in the number of
students of insects the rate of description of new species will
probably never very much exceed the present.

Taking the Zoological Record as a basis for computation (and
the records therein given are not at all complete), it appears that
during the last few years there has been an average of i ,000 new
genera and subgenera of insects described yearly, not including
the Arachnids and Myriapods, which would add 200 additional
genera. This makes a total of 1,200 new genera yearly out of a
total for all animals (that is, including insects) of some 1,700
genera. The number of new genera added yearly is somewhat
astonishing when it is remembered that Linn had altogether but
74 genera of insects. Some ten years since, Dr. Sharp estimated
that during the last 120 years, or since the time of Linne, an
average of about 2,000 new species of insects had been annually
described. Taking the results of the more recent years as a
basis, Lord Walsingham has estimated the number of species now
described yearly at 5,000. This is after deducting 8 per cent,
for possible synonyms and is considerably below the annual
increase indicated for the last 36 years in our recent quotations from

118 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

the American Naturalist. If the present rate, therefore, of descrip
tion of species be kept up it will require upwards of 2,000
years to finish the work of collection and classification of
insects. That the entomologists of the world have ample
material with which to work and that there is no alarming pros
pect in the immediate future of exhaustion of the field is
strikingly apparent.

If time allowed, it would be of interest, perhaps, at this point,
to give some statistics relative to the great collections of insects
in museums or in private hands, but further estimates and figures
would probably weary you, and I shall, therefore, hasten to the
conclusion of this paper.

CONCLUSION.

It is no longer necessary for the student of entomology to
defend his favorite science. The world at large has come to
appreciate the importance of such studies and the benefits which
may be derived therefrom, both in matters of economics and as a
means of appreciating and understanding the general laws which
affect all nature.* In the light of present conditions, therefore, it
is interesting to recall the estimation in which the entomologists
were held by theii contemporaries of the early days. That he
was considered "queer" goes without saying. That he was
liable to the charge of actual lunacy was demonstrated by not in
frequent experience, and in some quarters of the world, for that
matter, such views have not entirely disappeared. Illustrating
some of these inconveniences of the early days is the incident
reported, on the authority of Kirby and Spence, by Moses Har
ris, who records an attempt in the i7th century to set aside the
will of a certain Lady Glanvilles on the ground of lunacy as
evinced by no other act than her fondness for collecting insects,
and it was necessary for John Ray, the great zoologist of that
period, to appear at Exeter during the trial as a witness to her
sanity.

* Referring to his own career as a collector and that of two or three
others who afterwards became famous, Darwin says : " It seems, therefore,
that a taste for collecting beetles is some indication of future success in
life ! "

OF WASHINGTON. 119

The great significance of small things has come to be appre
ciated in the present generation more than any other, and Ray's
evident feeling that animals are important in proportion to their
bigness, as indicated by his remark in connection with his estimates
of the number of species of animals, finds no place in the present
generation. The small things are now the important ones, and
the student of microscopic forms of life has a much more useful
field than the student who investigates the grosser forms. Size is
not so significant as number, and in this respect insects hold the
mean position, and with them it is true also that the smaller species
are usually the more important ones, both economically and
as objects of scientific study.

In the various fields of biologic investigation which have
resulted from the work of such men as Darwin, \Vallace, and
Weismann, insect studies have played a very important part.
The vast number of species, the ease with which they can be
collected and studied, their short life-periods and fecundity, all
are phases which greatly facilitate the investigation of such prob
lems as those of Heredity, Protective Resemblance, Dimorphism,
Natural Selection, Zoogeography, and various other matters con
nected with biogenesis.

It is an interesting fact also that the great names in zoological
science are either of entomologists or of persons who were greatly
interested in the study of insects. Aristotle, Ray, Linne,'Cuvier,
Lamarck, Darwin, Wallace, and many others who have been
epoch-makers in the science of zoology w r ere enthusiastic students
of insects.

Other than the more purely scientific side is the practical or
economic phase of the study of insects. This field I shall not
enter. It has already been covered very largely by the paper by
Dr. Howard cited at the outset, but I simply wish to call atten
tion again to the very great interest in this department of the study
of insects which characterizes the present generation and to refer
in this connection to a remark of Reaumur's way back in the early
history of entomology in which he commends a course of pro
cedure which is pertinent at the present day. He says that "it
seems to me that the insects which fall under our eyes most often
are the ones which we ought most to study. They are the ones,

120 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

so to speak, with which we have to live." It was on this basis
that he carried out his great work on insects, and it is a fact,
which we are beginning to appreciate more in recent years than
formerly, that we often know very little about common insects
or those, as Reaumur says, with which we have to live, and
that in the species which we meet every day is a field for study
and investigation that is often almost unworked. Of the mil
lions of species which exist in the world a vast percentage of
them have little importance other than that of filling the gaps in
some system of classification, and it seems reasonable, therefore,
to urge the importance of working on common insects, especially
in view of the fact that it will be hundreds of years before any
complete knowledge of the whole field can be gained. The
classifications and descriptions of to-day, on which have been
expended vast time and energy, will be antiquated in a few
years with the advance of science and discovery of new forms,
and their places will be taken by new systems of classification
and new descriptions. That an at least equal permanency and a
greater practical value attaches to work in the lines of investi
gation of life histories and habits of common species and studies
of anatomy and the more general problems of biology, is the
opinion of the writer. These questions, however, are perhaps
controversial and it is probably unwise to introduce them.

The address was discussed by Messrs. Gill, Ashmead, How
ard, Kenyon, and Schwarz. All of the speakers congratulated
the President upon his address and thanked him for the pleasure
he had given the Society.

Dr. Gill combated the idea that Aristotle derived any great
benefit from his association with Alexander the Great. A close
study of Aristotle's works shows no basis for the statement,
which was derived from the writings of later authors. All of
the forms described by Aristotle from specimens are familiar
Grecian forms. Everything which was not Grecian was de
scribed from hearsay. That Alexander gave Aristotle 8 talents
in gold (amounting to about one million of dollars) is manifestly

OF WASHINGTON. 121

absurd, since this sum of money exceeded the entire revenue of
Macedonia. In the following period Dr. Gill would give more
attention to the writings of Gesner than to those of any of his
contemporaries. Gesner was the first to give generic names,
and his descriptions were more detailed and of a better char
acter than those of other writers of the period. In the Ray
period he would give prominence to Lister as a writer rather than
as but an editor of Ray's works. In periods 4 and 5 he would
make a marked distinction between the servile followers of Linne
and those who thought for themselves, as Fabricius, for example,
who started the movement which perhaps culminated in Latreille,
the author who first conceived the idea of a family in zoology.

As to the estimate of the number of species of animals, he
expressed great scepticism concerning the correctness of Riley's
estimate of ten millions. We know most of the mammals and
birds of civilized regions, and although the fishes and mollusks
of the deep seas are perhaps not more than half known, it is out
of the question to consider, for a moment, that we know only
2,]/2 per cent, of the species which exist on the globe. He
further mentioned an estimate of the number of species which
had been overlooked by Mr. Marlatt, viz., that of Agassiz, in
his " Elements of Zoology." He further called attention to the
important anatomical work of Strauss-Durckheim.

Mr. Ashmead spoke briefly, emphasizing the influence of
Ray's system on modern systematic entomology. He thought
that Ray is not sufficiently appreciated to-day and some of his
work still holds.

Mr. Howard discussed briefly some of the authors mentioned
by Mr. Marlatt, giving a few additional facts of general interest,
referring, among others, to the fact that two great-great-grand
sons of Jacob Schaeffer are living in Washington to-day. He
criticised mildly the method of computation of the amount of
entomological literature in existence, particularly the method of
computing from the titles in the Zoological Record, and stated
that in his opinion the estimate of 12,000 volumes of 500 pages
each is too high. This statement was at once attacked by Dr.
Gill and by Mr. Marlatt, who gave reasons for considering the
estimate as not at all too high, and, in fact, possibly too low.

Mr. Kenyon expressed himself as glad to have his table of

122 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

known species, published in the American Naturalist a year
ago, confirmed by Dr. Gill and Mr. Marlatt. He spoke of the
work of the new school of biologists which will unquestionably
unsettle classification in many important respects, so that we are
at the present time in an uncertain position.

Mr. Schwarz stated that no prominence must be given Pliny
as a naturalist. It appears that the Romans had no natural-
history sense whatever. Pliny was not a naturalist, but for
many years was a collector of notes from Greek authors. It is
as a preserver of these notes solely that he must be remembered.

Discussing the question of the number of species yet to be
described, Mr. Ashmead spoke of the extremely small propor
tion of the micro-hymenoptera which have yet received attention.
New species may be everywhere found, even in the best known
localities. In his monograph of Proctotrypidas three-fourths of
the forms treated w r ere new. Yet he considers that this mono
graph contains not a sixth of the forms which exist in America.
He spoke of Mr. Cockerell's recent monograph of the genus
Perdita as illustrating the condition of some of the groups of
aculeate hymenoptera.

Mr. Schwarz illustrated an important element which must enter
into the question of the number of species by speaking of the
genus Carabus. In Europe 50 years ago a certain number of
species, represented by, say, 3,000 specimens in collections, were
recognized by the best Coleopterists. To-day most of the varie
ties of the same number of species are recognized as valid species
and the total number of species has more than quadrupled out of
the same number of specimens. How can we estimate the
number of species if our conception of what is a species be
constantly varying?

>^Av MARCH iSxn, 1897.

President Marlatt in the chair, and Messrs. Heidemann, Pratt,
Karlsioe, Linell, Gill, Benton, Patton, Busck, Schwarz, Ash-
mead, Johnson, Motter, and Howard also present.

The following new corresponding members were elected : Mr.

OF WASHINGTON. 1 23

Frederick Blanchard, Tyngsboro, Massachusetts ; Mr. August
Merkel, 13 Broadway, New York city; Mr. Malcolm Burr,
"Bellagio, " East Grinstead, Sussex, England.

Mr. Schwarz announced the death of Dr. John Hamilton,
of Alleghany city, a corresponding member.

Under the head of "Short notes and exhibition of speci
mens, " Mr. Ashmead showed specimens of Halobatopsis
beginii, recently described by him in the Canadian Entomologist.

Dr. Motter read a letter from Dr. Wyatt Johnson, of Quebec,
giving an account of the investigation of the fauna of cadavers in
Canada, which had been carried on by the writer and Dr. George
Villeneuve, showing a considerable correspondence with the
results obtained by Megnin in Europe. He also read a letter
from Garry de N. Hough, of New Bedford, giving an account of
investigations in the same direction. Dr. Motter showed that the
results obtained by these investigators differed considerably from
his own, and accounted for this difference by the fact that the
Canadian workers had experimented mainly with exposed human
bodies, Mr. Hough had studied mainly the exposed bodies of
animals, while he himself had studied in the main interred bodies.

Mr. Heidemann exhibited specimens of Fitchia nigrovit-
tata, F. aptera, and F. spirosuta, the first two from the Dis
trict of Columbia, and the last from Fortress Monroe.

Mr. Busck exhibited six larvae of Anthrenus varius, each
of which showed well-marked wing-pads on the second and third
thoracic segments. In discussing these specimens, Mr. Schwarz
stated that most monstrosities are retrograde in their character and
that anticipatory monstrosities such as those shown by Mr. Busck
are very rare. He called attention to the parallel case recently
published by Dr. Richard Heymons, of Berlin, in which similar
wing-pads had been found in the larvae of Tenebrio molitor.
Mr. Pratt said he had occasion to examine recently many hun
dreds of larvae of T. molitor and had not found any such cases.
Mr. Howard referred to the fact that while Dr. Heymons was
inclined to explain the appearence of the wing-pads of the larvae
of the meal worm as anticipatory of the pupal condition, he
also mentioned the possibility that they were atavistic in their
significance. Mr. Ashmead was inclined to think that the latter
theory may be the correct one.

124 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

The Secretary read the following note, submitted by Mr. T.
D. A. Cockerell :

INSECTS IMPALING THEMSELVES.
By T. D. A. COCKERELL.

While the insects impaled on thorns by shrikes are familial-
objects, it seemed to me, when the subject was under discussion,
that the probabilities of an insect ever impaling itself must be
very slight. Therefore, it seems worth while to bring before you
a couple of instances just communicated to me by eye-witnesses,
whose veracity I do not in the least doubt. Mr. C. W. Alexan
der tells me he has seen the big lubber grasshopper which is
common in this region impale itself on the sharp leaf of the
broad-leafed Yucca at the Gold Camp, near the Organ Mountains.
Mr. R. E. Condit, when driving by Coats Creek, in S. W.
Colorado, found numbers of large black crickets which, in their
haste to escape from the feet of the horses, jumped against the
cacti lining the road, and many of them were impaled on the
spines.

The following paper was presented by Mr. Ashmead :

DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW HYMENOPTEROUS PARA
SITES ON CANARSIA HAMMONDI (RILEY).

By WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD.

The descriptions of the following new species were drawn up
some two years ago at the request of Prof. S. A. Forbes, of the
Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, to accompany an
article by Prof. W. G. Johnson, on the habits of Canarsia
hammondi, and represent only a small proportion of the para
sites reared from this moth.

FAMILY ICHNEUMONID^E.
Spilocryptus Thomson.

Spilocryptus canarsise, sp. n. [Fig. 4.]

r^. Length 6 mm. Head and thorax black, shining, clothed with a
sparse whitish pubescence, the thorax rather closely punctate, with dis
tinct parapsidal furrows, the head almost smooth, with some minute punc
tures on cheeks ; face, except two black lines extending forward from base
of each antenna, the clypeus, except the extreme apical margin which has
a medial emargination, the mandibles, except the teeth, mouth-parts, ex-

OF WASHINGTON.

125

cept basal joints of maxillary and labial palpi, the inner orbits on frons,
interrupted opposite the lateral ocellus, a small line behind the eyes, a
spot on scape beneath, the scutellum, except at base, the postscutellum,
the tegulse, a spot beneath and before, a line before anterior COXEB, the
basal margin of prosternum, a large spot beneath the anterior and the
middle coxoe and their trochanters, tibiae and tarsi outwardly and the hind
tarsi, except basal half of first joint and the last joint, all white; the an
terior and middle femora, tibice and tarsi beneath and the extreme base of

FIG 4. Spilocryptiis canarsice.

hind femora, including part of trochanters, are brownish-yellow; abdo
men, except the last dorsal segment and the very broad genital sheaths
which are black, rufous; the petiole is a little longer than the second seg
ment, the third segment a little shorter than the second, the fourth about
half the length of the second, the following gradually shortening; wings
hyaline, the costee and stigma fuscous.

Hab.- Champaign, 111

Types in Coll. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History and my col
lection.

126

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Described from a single cT specimen bred September 15, 1894,
from a cocoon of Canarsia hammondi, by W. G. Johnson, and
several specimens in my collection taken at Washington, D. C.,
and elsewhere.

The species comes closest to Cryptus nigricornis Prov.

Limneria Holmgren.

Limneria (Sinophorus) canarsiae, sp. n. [Fig. 5.]

9- Length 5mm.; ovipositor 1.5 mm. Black, finely punctate ; man
dibles, palpi and tegulae, yellowish-white; legs reddish-yellow, the hind
coxse, the first joint of their trochanters, extreme tips of their femora, a
subbasal band on tibiae and their tips, and their tarsi, black; an annulus

FIG. 5. Limneria canarsite.

at base of the hind tibiae, a broad band at their middle and the base of
first and second tarsal joints, white; claws pectinate; wings hyaline, the
costae, except toward base, and the stigma fuscous, the internal veins
paler; areolet distinct, subsessile.

Hab. Normal, Illinois.

Type in Coll. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

OF WASHINGTON.

127

Described from a single $ specimen bred July 23, 1886, from
Canarsia hammondi, by C. M. Weed.

This species in general appearance comes nearest to Limner ia
annulipes Cr. and L. pterophorce Ashm., but it is larger and
readily separated by the subsessile areolet, pectinate claws, and
by the color of the anterior and middle coxae and trochanters. It
belongs evidently in Forster's subgenus Sinophorus.

FAMILY BRACONID^K.
Apantelcs Forster.
Apanteles canarsiae, sp. n. [Fig. 6. J

9 Length 2. i to 2.25 mm. ; ovipositor prominent, about two-thirds the
length of abdomen. Black, shiny, pubescent, finely, closely punctate, the

FIG. 6. Apanteles canarsice.

occiput, temples posteriorly, and the posterior half of the mesopleura and
the metapleura smooth, shining, impunctured. The thorax above is sub-
opaque, closely punctate; palpi white; second joint of anterior tro
chanters, apical half of anterior femora, and their tibiae and tarsi, except
last joint, knees of intermediate legs, base of their tibiae and tarsi, except
last joint, basal two-thirds of hind tibiae and an annulus at extreme base
of their tarsi, honey-yellow; all tibial spurs white. Metathorax trans
verse quadrate, smooth, shining, with a large well-defined rhomboidal or

128 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

hexagonal median area. Abdomen as long as the thorax, the ventral
valve very large, plowshare-shaped, and projecting considerably beyond
the tip of the abdomen, the ovipositor long; plate of first segment about
twice as long as wide, with the sides parallel, the apical corners slightly
rounded, shagreened, and with a longitudinal median sulcus towards
apex; second and third segments nearly smooth, at the most feebty
shagreened, the second very short, about half the length of the third,
with oblique grooved lines at basal lateral margins, but so widely sepa
rated and so close to the lateral margins as to be easily overlooked ; fourth
segment a little shorter than the third, the fifth a little longer than the
fourth, the following very short. Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma
dark brown or fuscous, the internal veins hyaline, the areolet open be
hind, the inner margin of same being about half the length of the first
branch of the radius, while the submedian cell is one-half the length of
the discoidal cell longer than the median cell.

The male agrees very well with the female, except in the usual sexual
differences, and in having the antennae much longer than the body, the
hind tibiae is yellow only at base, and the tarsi entirely black, while the
costas and stigma, except outer margin, and the postmarginal, are white,
the membranous lateral margins of the first segment being piceous.

Hab. Normal, Illinois.

Types in Coll. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History and Coll.
Ashmead.

Described from several specimens, representing both sexes,
bred from the larva of Canarsia hammondi. August 10-14,
1894, by W. G. Johnson.

In my forthcoming monograph of the North American Bra-
conidae, I have divided the genus Apanteles into five principal
sections, based upon characters derived from the metathorax, and
these again are separated into divisions based upon the shape of
the plate or shield on the first segment, and the length and sculp
ture of the following segments important characters entirely
overlooked by previous writers on the group, although offering
excellent characters for the separation and the ready identification
of species.

The present species belongs to my Section I, and comes nearest
to A. carpatus Say and A. edwardsii Riley, but is quite dis
tinct from both, in color of legs, and in sculpture and relative
length of the abdominal segments.

FAMILY CHALCIDID.*:.
Eiasmus Westwood.

Elasmus meteori, sp. n. [Fig. 7.]

9- Length 1.6 mm. ^Eneous-black ; abdomen mostly rufous, the third
and fourth segments above with a transverse black band at apex, the fifth

OF WASHINGTON.

129

with a black band at base, the sixth and seventh segments and ovipositor
sheaths entirely black; scape white, flagellum brown, pubescent, about
one and a half times as long as the scape; pedicel and first funiclar joint
with ring joint, of an equal length, the second joint of funicle slightly the
shortest joint, the third a little longer and stouter than the second; legs
mostly white, but clothed with a black pubescence ; anterior coxae with a
triangular black spot at base a little toward one side, their femora with
a row of short black bristles within and along the posterior margin ; mid.
die femora, except at base and apex, black, their tibiae with two straight
rows of bristles outwardly, their tarsi blackish from the density of the
pubescence ; hind coxae and femora outwardly black, their tibiae and tarsi
white, but somewhat obscured by the pubescence; the pubescence on the
hind margin of the tibiae is arranged to form about seven links of a chain,

FIG. 7. Elasmus meteori.

the first and last links or areas being small, while the pubescence on the
tarsi is quite dense and entirely hides the white color, except along the
hind margins of the joints.

The head, viewed from in front, is a little longer than wide, the vertex
rounded, the frons convex, and with a sparse, thimble-like punctation,
about as in R. atratus How., the facial impression distinct, extending up
wards to about half the length of the head, where it terminates in a trans
verse ridge which sharply separates the frons from the lower part of the
face ; thorax nearly smooth, but with a feebly impressed reticulated sculp
ture ; postscutellum narrowly margined with white; wings hyaline, pubes
cent, the marginal vein a little more than twice as long as the submar-
ginal, the stigmal vein minute, sessile.

<3\ Length i mm. Entirely black or deep blue-black, except the sutures

130 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

between the articulations of the legs (coxae, trochanters, &c.), the apex
of anterior femora and all tibiae and tarsi, are white, but appear black
from the dense pubescence that cover them; the scape is aeneous-black,
the flagellum dark brown with three long branches; otherwise similar to
female.

Hab. Champaign and Tonti, Illinois.

Types in Coll. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History and Coll.
Ashmead.

Described from several specimens bred August 27 and Sep
tember 9, 1894, by W. G. Johnson, from cocoons of Meteorus
vulgaris, a primary parasite of Canarsia hammondi , and pos
sibly also from the cocoons of Apanteles canarsice described
above.

The ? of this species comes nearest to E. varians How., but
the abdomen is neither so long nor acutely pointed and differently
colored, while the thorax is smoother and the pubescence of legs
differently arranged; thecT, on the contrary, very closely resem
bles E. nigripes How., but the slight difference in the color of
the legs and the arrangement of the bristles readily separate the
species.

Tetrastichus Haliday.

Tetrastichus cosrulescens, sp. n. [Fig. 8.]

9- Length 1.5 mm. Steel-blue; scape aeneous, the flagellum sub-
clavate, brown-black, pubescent, the joints delicately fluted ; funicle 3-

FIG. 8. Tetrastichus caerulescens.

jointed, the first joint the longest, slightly longer than the second, the
third slightly shorter than the second; club fusiform, 3-jointed, a little
longer than the last two joints of funicle united and stouter; tips of
femora, and the tibiae and tarsi, except two last joints, white, the two

OF WASHINGTON. 131

terminal joints of tarsi fuscous, while the hind tibiae toward base behind
has a slight brownish blotch or spot; abdomen conic-ovate, pointed at
tip, a little longer than the head and thorax united; wings hyaline, the
venation pale brown ; otherwise the characters are typical of the genus.

J\ Length 1.2 mm. Agrees with the 9' except the funicle is 4-
jointed, the abdomen being oblong-oval, cylindric, not longer than the
head and thorax united.

Hab. Champaign, 111.

Types in Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Described from i cP and i 9 specimen bred September 6 and
21, 1894, by W. G. Johnson, from Habrobracon (Sracon)
gelechice Ashm. and the primary parasite of Canarsia ham-
mondi.

In discussing this paper, Mr. Johnson spoke of the great injury
which Canarsia hammondi had done to young apple trees in
McLain county, Illinois. In one season damage to the amount
of $1,500,000 had been done. One block of trees containing
125,000 had been completely destroyed. He found, among
other interesting facts, that this insect pupates in the ground and
not in the leaves, so that Riley's recommendation to burn the
leaves as a remedy is ineffective. In the course of his investiga
tions, he reared 13 species of parasites, all but one of which were
hymenopterous. Of the 12 Hymenoptera, 10 were primary para
sites. He gave some rearing notes concerning these 10 species
and showed that Habrobracon gelechice was the most important,
and constituted in number of specimens four-fifths of all which
were reared. The habits of this species were given in full, show
ing that only 12 days elapsed in the development of the insect from
the egg to the adult. Among other species, he mentioned a
Perilampus as a primary parasite, and this record was at once
questioned by Mr. Howard, who suggested that the insect was
more likely to have been a parasite of the Chrysopa which had
crawled into the Canarsia cocoon to spin its own cocoon.

Mr. Johnson stated that he had not examined the Canarsia
cocoon from which this insect emerged. Mr. Ashmead consid
ered it more likely that the Perilampus had been a parasite upon
the dipterous parasite reared by Mr. Johnson.

The following paper was read :

132 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

A NEW SPECIES OF ROPTRONIA.
By WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD.

The following new species in the rare genus Roptronia Prov.
was taken by Prof. H. Garman, of the State College of Ken
tucky, at Lexington, Ky., and after whom I take pleasure in
naming the species.

The genus, as originally described, was placed by Abbe Pro-
vancher in the family Braconidce, but was subsequently removed
by him to the subfamily Helorince in the Proctotrypidcz. From
the imperfect figure of the venation given by Provancher, and
before I had seen a specimen for examination, I was inclined to
doubt the correctness of this last view of the learned Abbess, and
placed the genus doubtfully among the aberrant group Pachy
lommatince in the Braconidae. Since that time, however, I have
seen three representatives of the genus, and a careful study of
these specimens convinces me that Provancher was correct in
removing the genus to the Helorinae. The venation is somewhat
similar to the genus Monomachus Westw., and seems to afford
a connecting link between this genus and the genus Proctotrypes
Latr.

Monomachus should also be placed with the Helorinae.
Roptronia garmani, n. sp.

(j\ Length 7.5 mm. Black; head and thorax rugoso-punctate, pubes
cent; front coxae, except a spot at base beneath, trochanters, except spot
above, tips of femora and anterior tibiae and tarsi, spot at apex of middle
coxae, second joint of trochanters, tibiae beneath and narrowly at base
and apex and their tarsi, second joint of hind trochanters and basal one-
third of hind tibiae, pale ferruginous or pale yellowish; tegulae and pro-
thoracic tubercles ferruginous. Head transverse-quadrate, the temples
as wide as the eyes ; mandibles dull ferruginous, bidentate at apex, the
upper tooth longer than the lower; maxillary palpi 5-jointed, labials 4-
jointed, the last joint dark fuscous. Antennae 14-jointed, filiform, taper
ing off at apex. Thorax, with the mesonotal furrows rather broad, dis
tinct, slightly crenulate, especially posteriorly; metathorax rugose,
rounded off posteriorly, the spiracles small oval. Abdomen with a long
petiole, the petiole being fully as long as the hind femora, or slightly
longer, shining, but fluted above, and somewhat rugose basally, smoother
and punctate towards apex and beneath, pubescent, body of abdomen com
pressed, viewed from the side somewhat triangular, about as long as the
petiole, highly polished, the first segment occupying fully two-thirds the
whole length, the following segments short, subequal.

Hab. Lexington, Ky. (Prof. H. Garman.)

Quite distinct from ./?. pediculata Prov. in its much larger
size and in the color of legs and abdomen. In R. pediculata
the abdomen is red, the hind legs black, &c.

OF WASHINGTON. 133

I add below the description of another species discovered among
the collection of Braconidce, belonging to the American Ento
mological Society, now in my hands for examination and study.

Roptronia californica, n. sp.

<$. Length 5.5 mm. Pale ferruginous; spot on vertex enclosing the
ocelli and extending forward to base of antennae, occipital foramen, clypeal
spiracles, prothorax above anteriorly and beneath, mesopleura, meta-
thorax and abdominal petiole, black ; eyes brown ; antennae, except pedicel,
brown, i4-jointed ; legs pale brownish-yellow; wings hyaline, the stigma
and veins brown.

This species structurally does not differ greatly from R. garmani, except
in having the head, except vertex and face, the mesonotum and the scu-
tellum, except at apex, smooth and almost impunctate; the mesopleura,
except space beneath wings, are closely punctate, while the metathorax
is rugose. The venation is almost identical in the two species, except in
californica, the first abscissa of the radius is perpendicular and not longer
than the width of the stigma, while in garmani it is oblique and more than
twice longer than the width of the stigma. Another character not noted
in the other two species is that the postscutellum is conically produced,
viewed from the side its apex reaches an elevation above the disk of the
scutellum.

Hab. Southern California.

The three species now known in this genus may be tabulated
as follows :

Head and thorax black, rugose ; postscutellum normal.

Abdomen black ; legs, except tips of anterior and middle femora and
their tibiae and tarsi, mostly black. $. Length 7.5 mm.

R. garmani Ashm.
Abdomen red; legs, except coxae and hind legs which are black.

rufous. 9- Length 6.75 mm R. pediculata Prov,

Head, except spot on vertex and frons, mesonotum, scutellum and abdo
men, except the petiole, pale ferruginous; postscutellum conically ele
vated; legs pale brownish-yellow. <j\ Length 5.5 mm.

R. californica Ashm.

Mr. Howard presented the following :

ON SOME PARASITES OF COCCID^, WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF TWO NEW GENERA OF APHELININ^.

By L. O. HOWARD.

It had been my intention to simply submit for publication the
descriptions which follow, of two new genera of Aphelininae,

134 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

but the opportunity is a good one to make a preliminary an
nouncement of certain facts which have come to my attention,
mainly in the last year, concerning the interesting geographic
distribution of certain species of scale-insect parasites.

When I first began the study of hymenopterous parasites of
scale-insects, in 1879, although I had abundant material at hand
from the United States, all of the Aphelininae studied were com
prised in the genera Aphelinus and Coccophagus. In 1880 I
published descriptions of 13 species of these two genera, adding
in 1885 three others. Ten years later, in going over accumu
lated material for the purpose of revising the subfamily, it be
came evident that new elements had entered our fauna. Several
genera not previously recognized in the United States were found
to be abundantly represented and several of them were described
as new. In late years, in point of fact, the formerly abundant
species of Aphelinus have apparently become rarer and rarer,
while their place has been taken by Aspidiotiphagus, Prospalta,
Perissopterus, Ablerus, and Encarsia.

The great interest which has sprung up of recent years in the
study of the Coccidae in different parts of the world, largely
arising from the great economic importance which these insects
are assuming, has resulted in the gradual accumulation at Wash
ington of parasitic forms from many different parts of the
world, and their study is already revealing many points of
interest. As is quite to be expected, several of these parasites
have accompanied their Coccid hosts in their commercial distri
bution to widely separated countries on plants, nursery stock
and fruit, and seem to have as readily accommodated themselves
to varying conditions of climate as have their hosts. A care
ful study of these forms and their distribution will be a labor of
years, but certain facts already accumulated w r ill be of interest.

Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Craw) is a species which was
unknown in this country, and, in fact, unknown to science, prior
to 1891, when it was described by Mr. Craw, under the name
Coccophagus citrinus, in a pamphlet published at Sacramento,
entitled " Destructive Insects." Since that date, this species has
come to me in hundreds of examples from 18 distinct species of
scale-insects and from the following localities :

Many localities in the United States (various collectors) ;
Grenada, B. W. I., (H. H. Smith) ; Portici, Italy, (A. Ber-
lese) ; Punduloya, Ceylon, (E. E. Green) ; Kandy, Ceylon, (A.
Koebele) ; Hong Kong and Amoy, China, (A. Koebele) ; Tam-
sui, Formosa, (A. Koebele) ; Yokohama, Japan, (A. Koebele) ;
Newlands, Cape Colony, (C. P. Lounsbury) ; Brisbane, Queens
land, (A. Koebele) ; Adelaide, South Australia, (F. S. Craw
ford) ; Honolulu, Hawaii (A. Koebele).

OF WASHINGTON. 135

This remarkable distribution is practically followed by Pro-
spalta aurantii, Aphelinusfuscipennis, A. mytttaspidis and
A. diaspidis all species of the writer's ; some of the localities
mentioned for Aspidiotiphagus not yet being noted for some, and
a few additional localities being noted for others, as, for example,
A. diaspidis from San Luis, Mexico, and A. fuscipennis from
Natal.

Another species which has also practically this same almost

FIG. g. Arrhenophagus chionaspidis ; male and female an
tennae greatly enlarged (original).

universal distribution is curiously enough Arrhenophagus chi-
onaspidis Aurivillius. This extraordinary Encyrtine was de
scribed by Dr. Aurivillius in 1888, from specimens reared in the
female sex only, from Chionaspis salicis in Sweden. The re
markable structural characters of the form attracted my attention
and I wrote to Dr. Auriviliius for specimens and he was good
enough to send me a large number. At the March (1895) meet
ing of this Society, I recorded the verification from these speci
mens of the characters described and figured by Aurivillius and
mentioned the rearing of the same species from Diaspis rosce
in this country at Kirkwood, Mo., by Miss Mary E. Murt-
feldt. This discovery I considered at the time a remarka
ble one, but later received specimens of the same species
from Mr. W. G. Johnson, who had reared them from the Dias
pis scale at Champaign, 111., and later had the pleasure of
rearing in Washington specimens of the same species from Dias
pis rosce received from Mr. R. J. Black, of Bremen, Ohio.
Still later, specimens from the same host insect were received
from Professor Berlese, reared at Portici, Italy, and, again, Mi\

136 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

E. E. Green, of Punduloya, Ceylon, sent specimens reared from
Fiorinia. On receipt of the results of Mr. Koebele's rearings,
six new localities were added, namely, Kandy, Ceylon ; Atami,
Japan ; Tamsui, Formosa ; and Hong Kong, Amoy, and Macao,
China. All of the specimens examined by the writer, and there
were hundreds of them, down to the very last slide from the last
named locality, were females, and it was, therefore, a great
pleasure to find a single specimen from Macao reared from
Chionaspis eugenice which represented the hitherto unknown
male. The identity is unmistakable and the male differed from
the female, as was quite to be expected, only in the antennae.
Instead of being 3-jointed, as are the antennae of the female, those
of the male are 9-jointed, 4 of the joints belonging to the funicle,
as represented in the accompanying figure. Thus, although
originally described from Sweden, and next found in the United
States,' it becomes probable that Arrhenophagus is an oriental
form.

Other curious occurrences of this nature have come to me.
Thus, in the autumn of 1896, I described a remarkable Coc-
cophagus reared by Mr. Green in Ceylon from several Lecaniine
scales as Coccophagus orientalis. Within a week after the
description was published specimens of the same species were
received from Mr. H. A. Morgan, at Baton Rouge, La. The
species of the new genus Azotus, a description of which follows,
is another similar instance. A unique example was received in
December last from Dr. Paul Marchal, of Paris, who had reared
it from the common European Diaspis ostreceformis the
previous June. After the description of the new genus was
drawn up, a single example (the second one known) of the same
species was received from Mr. Wm. M. Maskell, of New Zea
land, who had reared it from Aspidiotus nerii received from
Sidney, New South Wales. From such instances it will be seen
that at the present time with many of these parasites it is quite as
hopeless a task to endeavor to ascertain original home as it is to
ascertain the same for their hosts.

ARCHENOMUS, new genus.

Male. Tarsi 4-jointed. Antennae 8-jointed, subcylindrical, pointed at
tip, pedicel somewhat broader than other joints, joints i and 3 of funicle
long, joint 2 very short; club 3-jointed, attenuate. Body short, stout;
mesoscutar parapsides moderately long; mesoscutellum broad and short,
much flatter before than behind. Fore-wings broad with a long fringe
which is shorter at apex than on outer costal margin; marginal vein
very heavy, a little more than one-third the length of the submarginal

OF WASHINGTON.

137

and bearing 10 marginal bristles; postmarginal absent; stigmal very
short and curving very slightly into disc of wing, about as with Prospalta,
and ending at about one-half the wing length. Legs stout, femora some
what swollen, tarsal joints I, 2 and 4 subequal in length, 3 somewhat
shorter; hind tibiae with a single spur, nearly as long as first tarsal joint;
middle tibiae each with two minute apical spurs.

Female. Differs mainly in antennae. Funicle joints i and 2 small, sub-
equal in length, little wider than long, each shorter than pedicel; 3 as
long as i and 2 together; joint I of the long club longer than the other
two joints, which are subequal in length. Entire flagellum subcylindrical,
pedicel not swollen.
Archenomus bicolor new species.

Female. Length .7 mm; expanse 1.5 mm ; greatest width of fore-wing
.25 mm. Funicle joints i and 2 small, little wider than long, each about
half length of pedicel; funicle joint 3 as long as i and 2 together; club

//

FIG. 10. Archenomus bicolor ; male and female an
tennae, fore wing and hind leg greatly
enlarged (original).

3-jointed, joint i longest, 2^ times as long as 3rd funicle joint; joints 2
and 3 subequal, 3 acuminate at tip. General color dark brown ; head
dark yellow; scutellum light yellow, axillas brown; margin of meso-
scutum and its parapsides dark orange-yellow; tip of abdomen sometimes
yellowish; all legs pale, except slight dusky shades on middle of femora
and at base of tibiae; basal half of wings infuscated ; wing veins dark
brown, eyes reddish.

Male. Resembles female, except in generic and sexual characters.

Type. No. 3646, U. S. N. M.

138 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Described from many male and female specimens reared by
Professor Paul Marchal, of Paris, from Diaspis ostreczformis
on pear, June, 1896.*

AZOTUS, new genus.

Male. Tarsi 5-jointed; antennae 8-jointed ; club 2-jointed; joint 3 of
the funicle much shorter than other funicle joints; anterior wings with
out oblique hairless line; head not quite as broad as thorax; mesoscu-
tellum not quite as broad as scutellum, twice as broad as long; axillae and
mesoscutar parapsides about as in Eretmocerus; marginal vein a trifle
shorter than submarginal ; stigmal well marked, descending at an angle
of about 30 into the disc of the wing; club not large; postmarginal
absent; fore-wings with rather long marginal cilia regularly increasing
in length from point just beyond stigmal vein to anal angle; marginal
vein of fore-wings with three long bristles and four shorter ones ; one on
submarginal and one short one at juncture of submarginal with marginal.
Hind femora somewhat swollen. Middle and hind tibiae each with a
rather long apical spur. That on middle tibia longer.

FIG. ii. Azotus marchali; male antennae, fore
wing and hind leg greatly enlarged
(original).

* Just as this is going to the printer 4 specimens of the female of this
species have been received from F. M. Webster, of Wooster, O., who
reared them from Diaspis amygdali recently received from Japan. Six
females were also reared from an Aspidiotus on sweet gum from Savan
nah, Ga. The writer also possesses several badly damaged specimens of
what is probably this species, which were reared, by Mr. E. E. Green in
Ceylon, from Chionaspis vitis.

OF WASHINGTON. 139

Azotus marchali new species.

Male. Length .44 mm.; expanse 1.4 mm.; greatest width of fore,
wings .23 mm. Fore-wings with longest marginal cilia a trifle more than
one-third wing width ; discal cilia regularly distributed except that there
is a triangular clear space below marginal vein and another below stig-
mal ; hind wing with two irregular incomplete rows of discal cilia; mar
ginal cilia about as long as the wing breadth; fore-wings rather irregu
larly infuscated on basal half; antennal scape slender; pedicel short;
funicle joints i, 2 and 4 subequal in length, i slightly longer, each much
longer than pedicel; funicle joint 3 very short, as broad as long, about
one-fifth as long as 2 ; club nearly twice as long as funicle joint 4, about
five times as long as broad. General color brown, face yellowish, femora
light at tips, tibiae light at either end, tarsi nearly white except basal and
terminal joints ; antennae light brown; eyes bright red.

Type. No. 3647, U. S. N. M.

Described from one specimen, apparently a male, reared by
Prof. Paul Marchal, of Paris, June, 1896, from Diaspis ostrece-
formis on pear, together with many specimens of Archenomus
bicolor, to the male of which it bears a superficial resemblance,
but from which it is immediately separated by its 5-jointed tarsi.
Later a single specimen was received from Mr. Wm. M. Maskell,
which he had reared from Aspidiotus neriion Baloghia lucida,
received from Sidney, N. S. W.

In discussion Mr. Ashmead expressed great interest in the
paper and congratulated the author both on the discovery of the
male of Arrhenophagus and upon the remarkable facts ascertained
concerning its distribution. He stated that the paper illustrated
well the impossibility of mapping the geographical distribution
of parasitic Hymenoptera, since these insects always follow their
hosts. Mr. Schwarz expressed a disagreement with Mr. Ash-
mead and thought that such extraordinary instances of distribu
tion as these referred to by Mr. Howard could hold only with
the parasites of scale-insects. If Mr. Ashmead's claim were true
we could import parasites from many portions of the world with
the certainty that they would acclimatize themselves. Mr. Ash-
mead stated that the rule would hold for other parasitic Hymen
optera as well as for the parasites of scale-insects, and instanced
many species which he had found to be cosmopolitan, stating that
we probably have many more, but that the specific study of these

140 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

creatures has not allowed us hitherto to recognize the distribu
tion. Mr. Schwarz said that this statement was not surprising
and did not vitiate his contention, since with the Hymenoptera
there must necessarily be cosmopolitan species, and probably
many of them, just as there are with the Coleoptera. Mr. Ash-
mead stated that he referred only to parasitic Hymenoptera in his
remarks, but called attention to the honey-bee as an example of
a widely distributed aculeate, whereupon Mr. Schwarz said that
the honey-bee was a domestic animal and thus beyond the pale
of geographic limitations. Mr. Howard stated that if Mr. Ash-
mead were right in his statement that the parasites will follow
their hosts in extending their geographic distribution, it by no
means complicates the question, but really simplifies it, since we
have only to ascertain the distribution of hosts and duplicate it
for parasites. Mr. Ashmead expressed his dissent to this view
since the parasitic relation changes under new conditions and the
same parasite may affect different hosts in new regions. His
contention was simply that the parasitic Hymenoptera appear
to be less affected by climatic change than are other insects.
The following paper, by Mr. W. J. Fox, was read by title :

THE SPECIES OF PEPSIS, INHABITING AMERICA NORTH

OF MEXICO.

By WILLIAM J. Fox.

The recent monograph of the hymenopterous genus Pepsis *
by Robert Lucas induced the present author to work up the ma
terial of that genus in the collection of the American Entomo
logical Society, with the result of bringing to light several entirely
new species. The synoptical tables are given herein with the
thought that Lucas' work is not accessible to all American hy-
menopterists, and are practically identical with those of Lucas,
except that the new species are interpolated and some minor
points added.

Pepsis margin at a and Sommeri, which have been recorded
by several authors as occurring in the United States, are not in
cluded in the present paper. It is doubtful in my mind if these

* Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, xxxix, Heft 4, pp. 449, et seq.>
(1894) 1895.

OF WASHINGTON. 141

species occur north of Mexico, although, of course, such is not

an impossibility.

FEMALES.

Wings black, more or less resplendent with purple or blue 2

Wings more or less red or yellow 3

2. Antennae orange from the second joint; wings not pale at tip.

Length 25-27 mm ELEGANS Lep.

Antennae entirely black; apical margins of wings pale or subhyaline.
Length 38-50 mm OBLiqyERUGOSA Luc.

3. Apical margin of wings pale or subhyaline 4

Apical margin of wings not subhyaline 6

4. Wings more or less darkened apically, before the pale apices 5

Wings pale yellow-brown, almost yellow; distance between eyes at

top about equal to length of first joint of flagellum.

PALLIDOLIMBATA Luc.

5. Wings faintly darkened apically, almost yellow, the subhyaline

apices distinct FORMOSA Say.

Wings reddish-yellow, with a broad, blue-black margin, which ex
tends into the marginal, third submarginal and third discoidal cells,
the subhyaline apices indistinct NEPHELE Luc.

6. Antennae from the apex of the third joint orange or brownish (base

and apical margin of the wings distinctly darkened). ..MILDEI Stal.
Antennae entirely black, or the pale color is restricted to apical joints 7

7. Wings fiery-red, with pale fuscous margins ; middle segment with

strong transverse median fold (Medianquerleiste).

CINNABARINA Luc.

Wings paler, more yellowish, the margins distinctly darkened 8

8. Middle segment with a feeble transverse median fold (Medianquer

leiste), not dentate laterally; (wings almost yellow; longer spur of
hind tibiae equal to about one-third of the length of first hind

tarsal joint) INERMIS Fox.

Middle segment with a strong, transverse, median fold, dentate later
ally ; longer spur of hind tibiae equal to less than one-third of the
length of first hind tarsal joint 9

9. Wings yellowish, at base and apical margins strongly darkened;

space between eyes at top about equal to length of second and third
antennal joints; antennae with tip of last joint orange. BOGUEI Fox.
Wings pertaining to reddish, at extreme base black, apical margins
pale fuscous; space between eyes at top much greater than length
of antennal joints 2 and 3; antennas entirely black LUCASII Fox.

MALES.

Wings black, more or less resplendent with purple or blue 2

Wings more or less red or yellow 4

2. Antennae orange from the second joint; wings not pale at tips 3

142 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Antennae entirely black ; wings with apical margins white; subgenital
plate clothed with long hair. Length 27-37 mm.

OBLiqUERUGOSA LllC.

3. Fourth ventral segment with a lateral bunch of long curved hair;

wings purplish ..ELEGANS.

Fourth and fifth ventral segments with short hair; wings bluish,
shading into green and coppery apically CHARON Mocs.

4. Apical margin or margins of wings pale or subhyaline 5

Apical margins not pale or subhyaline 8

5. Only the tips of anterior wings subhyaline; broadly fuscous at base

and apically 6

Tips of all wings subhyaline 7

6. Subgenital plate crossed by a strong elevation at about middle,

turned or bent downward at apex, so that viewed from the -side it
appears to be crossed by two strong carin3e....SANGUiGUTTA Christ.
Subgenital plate without median elevation, but bent downward at
apex; sixth ventral segment covered by a large chitinous plate,
the postero-lateral angles of which are drawn out into a narrow
process which completely encircles the sixth dorsal segment.

CIRCULARIS FOX.

7. Subgenital plate elongate, strongly punctured, clothed with long

hair FORMOSA Say.

Subgenital plate medially with a strong production which extends
laterally in the shape of a carina, apex reflexed or bent downward, so
that the plate, when viewed from the side, appears to be crossed by
two carinae; it is neither hirsute nor punctured CHRYSOTHEMIS.

8. Subgenital plate crossed by a sharp elevation at about middle, turned

or bent downward at apex, so that viewed from the side it appears
to be crossed by two strong carinae (extent of black and yellow of

wings variable) CHRYSOTHEMIS Luc.

Subgenital plate without median elevation, but crossed by a carina,
the apex at each side strongly produced ; sixth ventral segment cov
ered by a large chitinous plate the postero-lateral angles of which
are drawn out into a narrow fold, which completely encircles the
sixth dorsal segment CIRCULARIS Fox.

9. Antennae from second joint orange (base and apical margin of wings

distinctly darkened) MILDEI Stal.

Antennae entirely black, or the pale color restricted to the apical
joints 10

10. Subgenital plate short, spatulate, toward the base medially carinated;

the hind margin rounded, fringed with hair; fourth ventral seg
ment with two bunches of curved hair, the fifth nude; antennae en
tirely black CERBERUS Luc.

Subgenital plate elongate, sides parallel, not carinated, apex sub-
truncate, without hair; fourth segment with two bunches of curved
hair; the fifth with a transverse brush of shorter, stiff hairs; last
joint of antennae at extreme tip orange BOGUEI Fox.

OF WASHINGTON. 143

i. PEPSIS ELEGANS Lep.

Pepsis elegans Lepeletier de St. Fargeau, Hym., Ill,

489, c?. 1845.
Pepsis elegans Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M., Ill, 201, ?.

Pepsis dubitata Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc.-, I, 144,

cf 9. i867-'68.

Georgia ; Florida ; Texas. This species seems to be distinct
from that described by R. Lucas as auranticornis and to which
that author doubtfully refers it. I am of the opinion that ele
gans and dubitata are synonymous, and that the red color of
the abdominal segments mentioned by Lepeletier in his descrip
tion of elegans is, as suggested by F. Smith, "attributable to
the iridescence of the pile ..."

2. PEPSIS CHARON MoCS.

Pepsis charons Mocsary, Termesz. Fiizetek, 1885,

225, 9.

Pepsis charon Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Hym., II,

220, ? ef .

Pepsis charon R. Lucas, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., XXXIX,
589, Pis. 32 and 33, f. 247, ? cf , 1895.

Mexico (Mocsary, Cameron, Lucas) ; Texas. A single male
from the latter locality.

3. PEPSIS OBLIOJJERUGOSA R. Luc.

Pepsis ornata Cresson and various authors (non Lep.)
Pepsis obliquerugosa R. Lucas, 1. c., 576, ?, 1895.

St. Thomas (Lucas) ; Cuba ; Mexico ; Lower California ;
Arizona. In the hirsute subgenital plate, the male of this
species is closely allied to that of P. grossa ; the latter however
seems to be restricted to South America.

4. PEPSIS SANGUIGUTTA Christ.

Sphex sanguigutta Christ., Naturg., 293, pi. 29, f. 3,

ef. 1791.

Sphex stellata Fabricius, Ent Syst., II, 219, cf . 1793.
Pepsis stellata Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 214, cf . 1804.
Pepsis sanguigutta R. Lucas, 1. c., 726, figs. 42, 46,

221, cf. 1895.

South America ; West Indies ; Texas.

144 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

5. PEPSIS CIRCULARIS n. sp.

(5\ Blue, with purplish reflection; wings dark brown, the medial por
tion of superiors including apical half of median and submedian cells, all
discoidals except part of third, first and second submarginals, and margi
nal basally, reddish; tips subhyaline; inferiors
almost entirely brown, with the middle portion
of anterior margin, reddish, tips not subhya-
line; antennae black ; clypeus incurved anteri
orly, but not angularly so; front deeply im
pressed; sides of metanotum indistinctly stri
ated, metapleura strongly striated; upper and

FlG ' "jTSil/ S r m ' CeU ' posterior surfaces of middle segment distinctly
separated, the median transverse fold (Median-

querleiste) distinct, almost reaching the sides, lateral teeth rudimentary,
upper surface with the rugae most distinct on the median and lateral
longitudinal folds, the depressed portions nearly smooth ; abdomen fusi
form, rather robust; impression of second ventral segment indistinct, no
hair on fourth or fifth ventrals, subgenital plate crossed by a carina at
about the middle which then runs toward the base on each side, apex of
plate at each side strongly produced, sixth ventral segment covered by a
large chitinous plate the postero-lateral angles of which are drawn out
into a fold which completely encircles the sixth dorsal segment; longer
spur of hind tibia equal to somewhat more than one-third of the length of
first hind tarsal joint. Length 26 mm.

Texas. One specimen.

6. PEPSIS FORMOSA Say.

Pepsis formosus Say, West. Quart. Reporter, II, 76,
1823; Amer. Entomology, plate 42, 9, 1828; arid
various authors.

Pepsis formosa R. Lucas, 1. c., 736, ? c?, 1895.

Texas ; Mexico (Lucas) ; Lower California.

7. PEPSIS NEPHELE R. Luc.

Pepsis nephele R. Lucas, 1. c., 739, 9, 1895.

Texas: Dallas (Boll). Differs from formosa by the broadly
and darkly margined wings. Lucas says: " Is perhaps only a
variation, by the remarkable color of wings, of P. formosa
Say."

8. PEPSIS CHRYSOTHEMIS R. Luc.

Pepsis chrysothemis R. Lucas, 1. c., 739? ^S St ^5? ^6,
9 2 > J 33> c?, 1895.

OF WASHINGTON. 145

Mexico (Lucas) ; Texas ; Oklahoma (E. E. Bogue) ; Cali
fornia (O. B. Johnson) ; Lower California (C. D. Haines, in
May).

9. PEPSIS PALI.IDOL1MBATA R. LuC.

Pepsis pallidolimbata R. Lucas, 1. c., 74^, fig. 164, 9,
1895.

Northwest America (Lucas). The locality given by Lucas
for this species is rather obscure, and I am therefore in doubt as
to the identification of a specimen from Texas, which agrees
very well with the description, except that the inner spur of
hind tibia3 is equal to about one-quarter of the length of the first
hind tarsal joint, and not two-fifths as described by Lucas. The
length of this spur, however, is not always constant.

10. PEPSIS MILDEI Stal.

Pepsis Mildei Stal, Ofversigt Vetensk. Akad. For-
handl., XIV, 64, 1857; R. Lucas, 1. c., 777, 1895.

Pepsis hesperice Patton, Proc. Ent. Soc., Washington,
III, 46, 9 d\ 1894.

California: San Diego (Lucas), Poway (Patton). Patton's
P. hesperice is identical with this species.

11. PEPSIS CERBERUS R. LllC.

Pepsis cerberus R. Lucas, 1. c., 790, figs 101, 178, 225,
c?, 1895.

Mexico (Lucas) ; Texas.

12. PEPSIS LUCASII n. sp.

9- Blue, with a purplish reflection; antenna? black; wings orange, or
reddish yellow, extreme base black, and margined with subfuscous, which
color extends somewhat into the marginal cell and reaches to the
venation; head broader than thorax; front strongly impressed; ocelli
deeply pitted, the space between hind pair about equal to two-thirds of
that between them and eyes; clypeus distinctly incurved ; first joint of
flagellum more than one-third longer than second; space between eyes at
top about equal to combined length of the second, third, and one-third of
the fourth antennal joints; pronotum subangulate behind; parapsidal
grooves, long and deep, reaching almost the entire Jength of dorsulum ;
scutellum flat, obscurely keeled down middle; horizontal and posterior
portions of middle segment separated, the median transverse fold promi
nent but not reaching sides, horizontal surface'deeply channelled down
the middle, with the rugae irregularly transverse, feeblestMn'the'lateral
depressions, strong medially and above on sides, lateral teeth rudimen-

146 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

tary, no tubercle beneath stigma; mesosternal tubercle flat, indistinct;
longer spur of hind tibiaB equal to about one-quarter of the length of first
hind tarsal joint; abdomen ovate, apically clothed with long, black hairs,
first segment rounded anteriorly, impression of second ventral strong,
before middle. Length 23 mm.

Texas. One specimen. Distinguished by its small size, and
by the wings not being heavily margined with black, the red
dish yellow appearing to gradually coalesce with the subfuscous
of apical portion of wings. In this respect it is allied to the
tropical species, P. lurida, periphetes and nigricans. Dedi
cated to Herr Robert Lucas, whose skill and energy have pro
duced, a remarkable work, a monograph of the genus Pepsis,
which will stand as a classic in entomological literature.

13. PEPSIS INERMIS n. sp.

9. Blue, with purplish reflection; middle segment, abdomen in part,
and antennae black; wings brownish yellow, almost yellow, the base of
anteriors as far as one-third of the median cell, extreme base of posteriors
and a broad marginal band on both wings, fuscous, that of the superiors
broadest and darkest and reaching the third transverso-discoidal vein, ex
tending along the anterior portion of marginal cell and into the third
submarginal ; head fully as wide as thorax ; front strongly impressed ;
ocelli scarcely pitted, the space between hind pair equal to somewhat
more than half that between them and eyes ; clypeus broadly and not
deeply incurved; first joint of flagellum more than one-third longer than
second ; space between eyes at top about equal to the combined length of
antennal joints 2, 3 and one-third of the fourth; pronotum angulate be
hind, subtruncate anteriorly ; parapsidal grooves well marked, not reach
ing base of dorsulum; middle segment with the horizontal and posterior
surfaces less distinctly marked than usual, through the small median,
transverse fold (sometimes absent) ; horizontal surface broadly furrowed
medially, the transverse ruga? irregularly transverse and extending well
on to the sides, the usual longitudinal furrows or depression not distinct,
posterior surface also transversely rugose, lateral teeth absent or rudimen
tary, no tubercle beneath stigma; mesopleural tubercle distinct ; longer
spur of hind tibia? equal to about one-third the length of first hind
tarsal joint; abdomen ovate, strongly and sparsely punctured. Length
27-30 mm.

Texas. Three specimens. Resembles small specimens of P.
marginata, but is bluer, abdomen punctate, etc.

14. PEPSIS BOGUEI n. sp.

9- Black, with dark blue and purplish reflection, the latter wanting
on upper surface of thorax; antennae brownish-black, the last joint
orange at tip; wings almost yellow, black at base almost to middle

OF WASHINGTON. 147

of the median cell, margins black, which beginning at apex of mar
ginal cell and not quite reaching the venation; head fully as broad
as thorax; ocelli rather deeply pitted, the
.space between the hind pair equal to some
what more than half that between them and
eyes; clypeus distinctly incurved; space be
tween eyes at top a little greater than length
of second joint of flagellum, this latter joint
more than one-third longer than the second ;

pronotum subangulate behind, not much

,, . ric. 13. Ihird subm. cell,

swollen anteriorly at the sides; parapsidal P. Boguei, 9.

grooves distinct, not reaching base of dor-

sulum; upper and posterior surfaces of middle segment distinctly sep
arated, the median transverse fold short and high, but rather broadly
truncate above, upper surface of middle segment sulcate down the middle,
the irregular transverse rugae strongest medially and toward the sides,
infrastigmal tubercle rather large, lateral teeth distinct; mesopleural
tubercle distinct; longer spur of hind tibiae equal to less than one-third
the length of first hind tarsal joint; abdomen fusiform, impunctate, im
pression of second ventral segment curved, situated very near the middle.
Length 34 mm.

(^.Colored like the , the blue reflection perhaps stronger and
present on thorax above ; wings colored as in 9 > but subject to varia
tion, the black in some specimens reaching the apex of median cell and
beyond, and in most specimens is present in a
lighter degree in the marginal, third submarginal
and discoidal cells, the hind wings sometimes
almost entirely dark, the yellow only showing
as a small spot on the fore margin ; clypeus an
gularly incurved; space between eyes at top dis
tinctly greater than the length of second and
FK;. 14. -Third subm. cell, third antennal joints ; middle segment much as
in female, with the lateral teeth larger; longer

spur of hind tibi* equal to about two-fifths of length of first hind tarsal
joint; impression of second ventral segment indistinct, situated basally;
fourth ventral with two heavy bunches of inwardly curling hairs, the fifth
with an apical transverse brush of shorter, erect hairs, subgenital plate
elongate, sides parallel, apex subtruncate, without hair, basally the plate
is medially and longitudinally, but not always distinctly carinated.
Length 22-32 mm.

Texas; Colorado; Oklahoma Territory (E. E. Bogue). One
9 and four <$ specimens.

Although resembling several of the preceding species, yet
Boguei is easily distinguished by its last antennal joint being
orange at tip (a character apparently constant) ; it has, more-

148 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

over, good structural characteristics also, especially of the middle
segment.

15. PEPSIS CINNABARINA R. Luc.

Pepsis cinnabarina R. Lucas, 1. c., 804, 9, 1895.

Mexico : Lower California ; California: Coulterville (Lucas),
San Diego. The wings in this species are fiery red.

The following paper was read by Mr. Ashmead :

NOTES ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, WITH DESCRIP
TIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES.

By Dr. GEORGE DIMMOCK, Springfield, Mass., and WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD,
Washington, D. C.

PART I. NOTES ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA.
By Dr. GEORGE DIMMOCK.

The following notes concern parasitic hymenoptera, mostly
reared species, for the identification of which I am indebted to
Mr. W. H. Ashmead, whose article accompanying this paper
will describe the species that proved to be new, and which are
indicated by a * against the abbreviation Ashm.

The data which pertain to each species are fragmentary, as
many of the parasites were the accidental results of attempting
to rear their hosts. Dates of emergence, and locality, are of
some importance, and are quite fully noted : the locality N. H.,
in all cases, signifies Canobie Lake, a village about five miles
north of the state line of Massachusetts, between the towns of
Windham and Salem, in Rockingham county, New Hampshire.

The numerals in parentheses refer to my manuscript notes,
and correspond with numbers on the specimens preserved.

FAMILY PROCTOTRYPID^E.

(1) Telenomus dimmocki, *Ashm. One lot reared from
eggs of a hemipteron (possibly Podisus sflinosus), found 20
July, 1885, at Arlington, Mass. ; parasites emerged 24 July. A
second lot of the same kind of eggs, found in N. H., 10 July,
1892, gave parasites 14 July. (702. 958.)

(2) Telenomus sphingis, Ashm. From egg of Telea poly-
phemus, Belmont, Mass., 4 Aug., 1883. (536.)

(3) Helorus paradoxus, Prov. Reared from a chrysopid
larva taken 20 July, 1885, in Arlington, Mass. ; this larva pu
pated 28 July, and from the pupa the parasite emerged 20
Aug. (709.)'

OF WASHINGTON. 149

FAMILY CYNIPID^K.

(4) Allotria ambrosice, *Ashm. Reared from Siphonophora
ambrosia, in Arlington, Mass. (781.)

FAMILY CHALCIDID^:.

(5) Chalcis ovata, Say. From a larva, probably of Zerene
catenaria. N. H. (11386.)

(6) Perilampus cyaneus, Brulle. One specimen from a
tachinid pupa reared from a larva of Spilosoma virginica, in
Cambridge, Mass. Numerous specimens, in latter half of Sept.,
from a breeding-cage of larvae of Zerene catenaria, in N. H. ;
as these larvae were badly parasitized by tachinids, it is likely
that the chalcids were, in this case also, parasites of the tachi
nids. (674, 934.)

(7) Encyrtus thyreodoniis, *Ashm. A larva of Smerinthus
exccecatus, taken 8 Sept., 1882, in Cambridge, Mass., that went
under ground for pupation 3 Oct., was dug up later, and found
to be parasitized by Thyreodon morio. From the cocoon of the
Thyreodon emerged, April, 1883, a large number of E. Thy
reodontis, of which 170 specimens were preserved and many
lost. On 6 Sept., 1882, a female E. thyreodontis was watched
while apparently ovipositing in a larva of S. exccecatus ; both
larva and chalcid were preserved, and the former produced a
healthy normal male imago, not producing chalcids, perhaps
because it had not been parasitized previously by a Thyreodon
to provide a suitable host. Another E. thyreodontis was ob
served stinging a larva of Attacus cecropia ; this larva died
later, possibly of some bacterial disease, but no chalcids came
from it. Were the two presumably resultless ovipositions cases
of mistaken instinct? (340, 345, 563.)

(8) Homalotylus terminalis, Say ( = Scelio terminalis
Say = H. obsctirus, How. = Eutelus scymnce Schimer).
Bred several times, in August, 1885, from larvae of Coccinella
novemnotata, taken in Arlington, Mass. Synonymy by Mr.
Ashmead. (731 c.)

(9) Pteromalus puparum, L. From pupa of Pieris rapce,
Aug., 1895, in N. H. (1124.)

(10) Pteromalus tabacum, Fitch. Found a dead larva of
Smerinthus geminatus, covered with cocoons of an Apanteles,
29 Aug., 1892 ; the Smerinthus had been parasitized also by a
tachinid, and its half -starved larvae appeared the next day, only
two of them with sufficient vitality to pupate ; these two never
producing images. A very large number of chalcid imagos
emerged. P. tabacum was also reared, Aug., 1895, from a

150 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

larva of Ampelophaga myron. Both rearings were in N. H
(1020 q, 1123.)

(IT) Habrocytus phycidis, *Ashm. Bred from larva of
Phycis rubrifasciella ; parasite emerged 2^ July, 1892. N. H.
(961 c.)

(12) Diglochis omnivorus, Walk. This introduced Euro
pean species was reared from a pupa of Orgyia leucostigma, in
Cambridge, Mass., in 1883. (509 c.)

(13) Elachistus caccecice, How. Bred from Ccelodasys
unicornis ; the parasites, which fed internally, came out and
pupated 7 July, and two only (tf and 9 ) emerged 1 1 August.
Cambridge, Mass., 1883. (489.)

(14) Elachistus cidarice, *Ashm. Bred from larva of
Cidaria diver silineata, in N. H. (580.)

(15) Entedon albitarsis, Ashm. Hyperparasitic on Apan-
teles congregatus from Thyreus abbotii. Cambridge, Mass.,
July, 1882. (125.)

(16) Cratotechus brevicapitatus, C. & D. Bred from larvae
of Euplexia lucipara, which are quite common in gardens in
Cambridge, Mass., feeding on Dicentra spectabilis. One lot
of 20 pupse of C. brevicapitatus, found 27 July, 1882, emerged
i Aug., 1882; another lot pupated 14 Sept., 1882, and emerged
7 May, 1883, thus hibernating as pupse. Another lot was bred
from a geometric! larva that fed on Prunus nana ; pupation
occurred it; June, 1884, and emergence 28 June, 1884. (134,
347, 601.)

(17) Cratotechus smerinthi, *Ashm. From larva of Sme-
rinthus exccecatus, found in N. H. Pupation of the chalcicl larvae
about 16 Sept., 1892 ; emergence, the next spring, before 30 May.
(1064.)

(18) Eulophus incongruus, *Ashm. Hyperparasitic on
Apanteles congregatus reared from larva of Thyreus abbotii.
Cambridge, Mass., July, 1882. (125.)

(19) Tetrastichodes tibialis, Ashm. Hyperparasitic (on
Ifomalotylus?) in pupae of Coccinella novemnotata, in Cam
bridge, Mass. Thirteen specimens emerged from one coccinel-
lid pupa, 31 Aug., 1885 ; fifteen from another [pupa, 2 Sept., iSSv
(734. 738-)

FAMILY BRACONID^E.

(20) Rhogas intermedius, Cr. Emerged 20 Sept., 1882,
from a cocoon of Ennomos alniaria, in Cambridge, Mass.
Also reared from a larva of Apatela hastulifera, taken at
Wachusett, Mass., 26 Aug., 1882. (266, 1138 e.)

OF WASHINGTON. 151

(21) Rhogas geometrce, Ashm. Bred from a geometric!
larva (probably Anisopteryx) from Arlington, Mass. ; parasite
pupated 20 June, 1884, and emerged 8 April, 1885. (612.)

(22) Bracon charus, Riley. Known to be a parasite of
buprestid and cerambycid larvae, this species was bred from
decaying bark of hiercus, where its host was apparently Eucrada
humeral is. Cambridge, Mass., 1885. (671.)

(23) Habrobracon gelechice, Ashm. From a noctuid larva
living among the buds and blossoms of Solidago ; Cambridge,
Mass., July, 1883. (429.)

(24) Apanteles acronyctce, Riley. From a larva of Apatela,
supposed to be that of A. vulpina, inN. H., Sept., 1892. (1032.)

(25) Apanteles congregatus, Say. I have obtained this spe
cies from the following sphingid larvae : Thyreus abbotii, at
Cambridge, Mass., about i July, 1879, and about 26 July, 1882 ;
at the latter date the A. congregatus had four kinds of hyper-
parasites, which are mentioned under their respective species.
Philampelus pandorus, at Cambridge ; the parasites emerged
about i Oct., 1882. Ampelopkaga myron, at Cambridge; the
parasites emerging 19 Aug., 1882 ; also, several rearings in
N. H., among which emergences occurred 12 Aug., 1890, and
about i Sept., 1892. Ampelophaga versicolor, in N. H. ;
emergences 16 and 25 Aug., 1892. Sphinx chersis (= S. cin-
erea),at Cambridge; emergences, 17 Sept., 1882, 4 Aug.,
1883, and 21 May, 1884. The last mentioned lot of parasites
hibernated as pupas, having pupated n Sept., 1883. 'Dolba
hylccus,* in N. H. ; emergence early in Sept., 1895.

(26) Apanteles smerinthi, Riley. From larvae of Smerin-
tlius geminatus, in N. H. ; in some cases the parasites hibernate
in their cocoons. (1020, 1136.)

(27) Ap anteles xy Una, Say. From larva of Ellema harrisii,
in N. H. ; parasites pupated late in August and emerged early
in Sept., 1895. (1121.)

(28) Apanteles euchcetis, *Ashm. From larvae of Euchcetes
egle, in N. H. The larvas of the parasite came from the moth-
larva, and pupated in a mass beneath the hairs of the latter ;
both pupation and emergence occurred in Aug., 1895. (1125.)

(29) Apanteles murtfeldtcz, Ashm. From a geometrid larva
that fed on Rubus canadensis, at Cambridge, Mass. ; parasites
pupated 2 July, 1883, and emerged five clays later. (450.)

* These parasites were from the larva of D. hyloeus [!], which feeds on
Ilex verticillata, and not from the larva well described by Mr. S. H.
Scudder (Psyche, 1877, v - 2 > P- 77)> which I have proved by rearing to be
that of Sphinx gordius, which is common on Comptonia asplenifolia in
N. H.,and which I have found in Cambridge, Mass., feeding on S-pircea
salicifelia.

152 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

(30) Apanteles netnoriae, *Ashm. Bred from larvae of a
Nemoria (probably N. gratata] which fed on Euphorbia cor-
ollata, in Suffield, Ct., Aug., 1883. Several specimens also
from larvae of Eucrostis chloroleucaria; parasites pupated 21
July, 1892, and emerged 26 July, 1892. Larvae of E. chloroleu-
caria are common in N. H., feeding upon the flowers of Rud-
beckia hirta and of species of Aster, and, in 1892, more than
half the larvae were parasitized by A. nemorice. (565, 962.)

(31) Apanteles parorgyice, Ashm. From larva of Pyr-
rharctia Isabella; parasites pupated in a mass of cocoons 5
Aug., 1892, and emerged 12 Aug., 1892. (1012.)

(32) Apanteles schizurcz, *Ashm. Bred from larvae of
Coelodasys unicornis, in N. H. ; parasites pupated 6 July,
1892, and emerged about eight days later. (943.)

(33) Apanteles radiatus, *Ashm. From a lepidopterou s
larva feeding on Plantago major, in Cambridge, Mass. (1129.)

(34) Pseudapanteles ephyrce, *Ashm. From larvse of
Epkyra pendulinaria, in N. H. ; one parasite pupated 16 July,
1892, and emerged 22 July, 1892; another emerged 5 Aug.,
1892. In each case but a single Pseudapanteles came from a
larva of the geometric!, and both the green and brown forms of
these variably colored larvae were parasitized. (944 c, 960 a.)

(35) Protopanteles tor tr ids, *Ashm. From a tortricid larva
that feeds on Comptonia asplenifolia, in N. H. ; emergence 13
July, 1892. (949.)

(36) Microplitis JiyphantricE, Ashm. From an undetermined
bombycid larva that fed on apple leaves, in Cambridge, Mass. ;
parasite emerged about 10 July, 1883. (486.

(37) Microdus simillimus, Cr. Bred from larva of Pcedisca
strenuana, which mines the pith of Ambrosia artemisicefolia.
Arlington, Mass. ; parasite emerged 21 Aug., 1885. Also bred,
in N. H., from Phycis rubrifasciella ; parasite pupated 1 8 July,
1892, and emerged 28 July, 1892. (730 g, 979.)

(38) Macrocentrus delicatus, Cr. Parasite of Pcedisca
stremiana; emerged about 24 Oct., 1885. Arlington, Mass.
(930 e.)

(39) Amicoplus crambi, Ashm. From a larva, probably
tortricid, that wraps up the leaves at tip of twigs of Prunus
nana. Cambridge, Mass.; parasites emerged 30 June, 1884.
(602.)

(40) Aphidius nigriceps, Ashm. From Siphonophora am-
brosice, at Arlington, Mass., 1885. (781 a.)

(41) Aphidius ribis, Ashm. From Myzus rib is, at Cam
bridge, Mass., May-June, 1884. (589 a.)

OF WASHINGTON. 153

FAMILY

(42) Axomalon exile, Prov. A male emerged from a pupa
of Phycis rubrifasciella, 12 Aug., 1892, in N. H. (961 p.)

(43) Thyreodon morio, Fabr. Often reared from Smerin-
thus exccecatus, both in Cambridge, Mass., and in N. H. Hiber
nates as pupa. (361, 1031.)

(44) Ophion bifoveolatus, Brulle. From pupa of an unde
termined arctian found in N. H., in 1891 ; parasite emerged 28
July, 1892. (978.)

(45) Enicospilus purgatus, Say. Bred from a pupa of
Prionia bilineata, in N. H. ; the bombycid pupated 6 Oct.,
1893, and the ichneumon emerged 17 April, 1894. (1069 c.)

(46) Campoplex diver sus, Nort. From Cidaria diver si-
Lineata, in Cambridge, Mass. ; emergence of parasite 23 Aug.,
1882. Also found in N. H. (1008 e.)

(47) Hy pother entes geometrce, *Ashm. From an underter-
mined geometrid larva, on Betula alba, at Arlington, Mass. ;
parasite pupated 17 June, and emerged 27 June, 1884. (611.)

(48) JLimneria fugitiva, Say. Three specimens from larvae
of CEdemasia concinna, Belmont, Mass. ; parasites emerged 1 1
Sept., 1882. Also two specimens from Springfield, Mass. (326.)

(49) Ischnoscopus syncklorce, *Ashm. Reared from larva
of Aplodes (possibly A. mimosaria} in N. H. ; pupation 14
July, 1892; emergence, 21 July, 1892. (956 a.)

(50) Mesochorus tachina, *Ashm. Hyperparasitic : from a
tachinid puparium, the tachinid larva being parasitic on a tortri-
cid larva that fed on Comptonia asplenifolia , in N. H. ; emerg
ence of the ichneumon n Aug., 1892. (992 j.)

(51) Mesochorus aprilinus, Ashm. Hyperparasitic on
Apanteles congregatus (from larva of Ainpelophaga versicolor}
and on Apanteles smerinthi (from larva of Smerinthus gemina-
tus) ; emergence of the ichneumons early in Oct., 1895, in N. H.
The above-mentioned larva of A. versicolor was also host of two
tachinid larvae, thus illustrating both hyperparasitism and double
parasitism. (1013, 1127.)

(52) Trypon subcrassus, Cr. A single male from the pupa of
an undertermined tenthredinid larva taken 26 Aug., 1882, on
Prunus pennsylvanicus, at Wachusett, Mass. ; emergence of
parasite 27 May, 1883. (270.)

(53) Neoeryma lophyri, *Ashm. Reared by Miss Anna Dim-
mock, from larvae of Lophyrus abbotii, in N. H. ; emergences,
i, 2, 5, 7 and 16 June, 1893. (10^8.)

(54) Sychnoportus rufopectus, *Ashm. From a tenthred
inid larva that fed on Populus tremuloides, in N. H. (1131.)

(55) Trogus exesorius, Brulle. From hibernated pupae of

154 ETSTIOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Papilio aster las, in 1892. A very large dark-winged specimen
from P. troilus, in 1895. N. H. (941, 1138 a.)

(56) Ichneumon mains, Cr. Taken hibernating in large
numbers, under bark, in N. H., 18 Mar., 1894. (mo.) *

(57) Phceogenes phycidis, *Ashm. Reared from Phycis
rubrifasciella, in N. H. ; emergence of parasite, 28 July, 1892.
(961 k.)

(^8) Phceogenes mellinus, Prov. From pupa of Oxyptilus
pvriscelidactylus, in Cambridge, Mass. (684.)

(59) Acrobcla tachince, *Ashm. From a tachinid puparium
reared from an undetermined geometrid larva which is abund
ant on Ambrosia artemi sice folia about Cambridge, Mass.

(5670

(60) Hemiteles annul atus, Ashm.

(61) Hemiteles utilis, Nort. Both species raised, as hyper-
parasites, from the same larva of Thyreus abbotii that produced
the chalcids Eulophus incongruus and Entedon albitarsis.
Cambridge, Mass., July, 1882. (125 a.)

(62) Cryptus pallidus* Cr. A male, probably of this species,
was reared from Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, in Cambridge,
Mass. (684 b.)

(63) Cryptus extrematis, Cr. From pupa of Attacus pro-
methea, in N. H. (996.)

(64) Pimpla conquisitor, Say. Reared in considerable num
ber from pupae of Z,erene catenaria, in N. H. ; the parasites
mostly emerged about 20 Aug., 1892, from pupae collected six
days earlier. Four specimens, the same year, from Phycis
rubrifasciella, in N. H. ; emergences 23, 26, 29 and 31 July.
A specimen of P. conquisitor was taken 21 July, 1884, in
Cambridge, Mass., while ovipositing in a larva of Orgyia
leucostigma that had already spun its cocoon for pupation.

( 6 39> 934' 9 61 -)

(65) Pimpla indagatrix, Walsh. From a tortricid larva

that rolls up the ends of leaves of Comptonia asplenifolia, in
N. H. ; emergence of parasite 20 July, 1892. Another bred
from a larva, probably a pyralid, that feeds on Betula alba, in
N. H. (949 c, 1 1 14 a.)

(66) Pimpla novita, Cr. Raised twelve specimens from
larvae of Mononychus vulpeculus, which fed in the unripe seed-
pods of Iris -versicolor ; from the same lot of seed-pods only
two M. vulpeculus emerged, showing how extensive the para
sitism was. Raised three specimens from larvae of Phycis
rubrifasciella ; emergences 20, 22 and 31 July, 1892. Both
rearings in N. H. (918, 961 a.)

(67) Pimpla rufovariata, Cr. Bred from its pupa found
at Arlington, Mass., 10 Aug, 1885, in a mine of Pcedisca

OF WASHINGTON. 155

strenuana in Ambrosia artemiscefolia, where it had replaced
its host; emerged 15 Aug., 1885. (730.)

(68) Pimpla inquisitor, Say. Emerged, 27 June, 1883,
from a lepidopterous (probably geometrid) pupa found ten days
earlier on Primus pennsylvanicus, in Cambridge, Mass.
(412.)

(69) Asphragis pulcherrimus, *Ashm. From a tortricid
larva feeding on Comptonia a^plenifolia, in N. H. ; emergence
of parasite, 3 Aug., 1892. (992 b.)

(70) Bytkycetes scutellaris, Cr. From ^Egeria tipulifor-
mis, L. ; Cambridge, Mass. (678 e.)

PART 2. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PARASITIC
HYMENOPTERA.

By WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD.

The new species of parasitic Hymenoptera described below
were all bred by Dr. Dimmock, and the numbers prefixed to the
species conform to those of Dr. Dim mock's in part i of this
article, where the records in regard to breeding, hosts, &c., may
be found.

FAMILY PROCTOTRYPID^E.

(i) Telenomus dimmocki, n. sp.

9- Length i-i.imm. Black, shining; mesonotum microscopically
punctate, sericeous; scutellum polished, impunctate; antennoa black, the
scape pale at extreme base, pedicel yellow at tip; legs brownish-yellow,
the coxae black, the femora, except at tips, fuscous or dark brown.

Head transverse, about 2j times as wide as thick antero-posteriorly.
Mandibles yellowish. Antennae n-jointed, the pedicel a little shorter
than the first joint of funicle, the latter about 2^ times as long as thick at
tip; second funiclar joint two-thirds the length of first, the third very
little longer than thick, the fourth moniliform ; club 5-jointed, the first
about twice as wide as the last joint of funicle, the second, third and
fourth still wider, and all wider than long, the second being the longest
joint, the fifth conical. Wings hyaline, ciliate, the nervures brownish-
yellow; the marginal vein is about two-thirds the length of the stigmal.

Abdomen as long as the thorax, truncate or subtruncate at tip, and, except
the petiole and the suture at base of second segment, entirely smooth and
highly polished; petiole and first suture striated ; the second segment is
about i times as long as wide at apex.

rJV Length about 8 mm. Black; scape and legs yellow; the coxae more
or less dusky basally ; flagellum light brown. Antennae i2-jointed, scarcely

156 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

as long as the body; the first and second joints of the flagellum are elon
gate, about of an equal length, three times as long as thick; the third
joint is only about half the length of the second, slightly curved; the fol
lowing joints, except the last, are small, rounded or moniliform, and
loosely united, while the last joint is conical, twice as long as the preced
ing.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from Hemipterous eggs.)

FAMILY CYNIPID.*:.

(4) Allotria ambrosiae, n. sp.

9- Length 1.6 mm. Polished black; mandibles, first five joints of
antennse and the legs, pale yellowish; pronotum, scutellum towards apex
and metapleura rather densely pubescent; the basal scutellar furrow
slightly separated into two parts by a very delicate median carina; meta-
thorax very short, with about six elevated lines. Abdomen with a pubes
cent ridge on each side at base. Flagellum with joints i and 2 subequal,
not longer than the scape, the third joint stouter than the two preceding
and somewhat longer, the following three or four joints subequal.

Hab. Cambridge, Mass. (Bred from an Aphis on Ambrosia.)

FAMILY CHALCIDID/E.

(7) Encyrtus thyreodontis, n. sp.

9- Length 1.6 to i.S mm. Head bluish; thorax above aeneous black,
at the sides and beneath, blue-black; abdomen and legs black; sutures of
the trochanters, knees, tips of all tibias and tarsi, except the last joint,
honey-yellow; antennae black; wings hyaline, the marginal and stigmal
veins brown, the latter scarcely longer than the marginal, the post-
marginal vein short; mandibles reddish, tridentate.

Head with the frons and vertex microscopically shagreened, opaque ; eyes
large, oval, the frontal space rather narrow, about half the width of the eye,
the lateral ocelli close to the eye margin, the frontocellus farther away from
the lateral ocelli than these last are to each other. Antennae n-jointed,
the club mu:h stouter than the last joint of funicle, half as long as the
scape and obliquely truncate at apex from beneath; pedicel obconical, as
long as joints 1-3 of funicle united; funicle 6-jointed, the first joint
a little longer than thick, the following transverse, gradually widening,
the three last being more than twice wider than long.

Pro- and meso-notum smooth, polished, impunctate; scutellum, includ
ing the axillae, minutely shagreened with a few long hairs; metathorax
very short, smooth, the pleura bright cupreous, with white fimbria, the
spiracles round. Abdomen as long as the thorax, depressed, acute at tip,
with the sheaths of ovipositor somewhat prominent.

Hab. Cambridge, Mass. (Bred from TJiyreodon m0rw, Fabr,)

OF WASHINGTON. 157

in) Habrocytus phycidis, n. sp.

9. Length 3 mm. Head and thorax bronzed-green, confluently punc
tate; scape, tegulse, tips of femora and all tibiae and tarsi, except the last
joint, honey-yellow; abdomen conically produced, blue, with aeneous
tingings; wings hyaline, the veins light brown.

Head about 3? times as wide as thick antero-posteriorly, the frons
slightly impressed ; ocelli subtriangularlj' arranged, red: mandibles ru
fous, the right 3-dentate ; flagellum brown-black, pubescent, very slightly
thickened towards tip, the first joint a little less than three times as long
as thick, longer than the second, the second about twice as long as the
pedicel, the third and following joints very gradually, almost impercepti
bly shortening. Pronotum not short, as long at the middle as at the
angles, the anterior edge rounded, not acute or margined ; mesonotum
about one-half wider at base than long at the middle, with the parapsidal
furrows distinct anteriorly and extending back as far as the middle of the
mesonotum ; axillae as far from each other as their width at base ; scutel-
lum proper, with the transverse suture before tip nearly obsolete ; meta-
thorax not short, produced at apex into a subglobose neck, closely
punctate, the lateral folds distinct at base, the median carina only
vaguely defined at base, the spiracles large, oblong-oval. Front wings
with the marginal and postmarginal veins equal in length, or nearly so,
while the stigmal vein, with its small knob, is about four-fifths the length
of the marginal. Abdomen conically produced, flattened above, boat-
shaped beneath, and about ii times as long as the head and thorax united,
the second segment, with a large deep fovea at base, (just beneath the neck
of the metathorax, and not quite as long as segments 3-5 united,) segment
3, except the short petiole, the shortest segment, the following segments
gradually increasing in length, the last conical; segments 4-8, under a
very high power lens, exhibit delicate, wavy, microscopic lines.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H.(Bred from larva of Phycis rubrifa&ciella*}

(14) Elachistus cidariae, n. sp.

9- Length i.S mm. Black, shining, but with the pronotum, mesono
tum, and scutellum microscopically reticulate. Head polished, the
frons concave; metanotum polished, with a median carina and broad lat
eral sulci; antennae light brown, or brownish-yellow, if darker above,
paler beneath, the scape paler; legs, except coxae and femora, pale yel
lowish, coxae black, the femora, except tips, embrowned, the hind femora
almost black. Wings hyaline, the veins pale ; the marginal vein is fully
as long as the subcostal vein, or more than three times as long as the
stigmal; the postmarginal twice as long as the stigmal. Abdomen de
pressed, rotund, much shorter, but a little wider than the thorax, aeneous-
black, with the second dorsal segment (the first after the petiole) mostly
pale.

Hab. Cambridge, Mass. (Bred from larva of Cidaria diversilineata.}

158 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

(17) Cratotechus smerinthi, n. sp.

9- Length 2.5 mm. Head, mesopleura and abdomen cupreous;
thorax blue-green, the pronotum above blue; scape, tegulae and legs,
except the hind coxae, waxy-white : flagellum brown, paler beneath.
Wings hyaline, the marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins light
bro \v n .

r^. Length 2 mm. More uniformly bluish-green, the depressed frons
alone bright cupreous; abdomen aeneous-black; first, second and third
joints of flagellum with a long branch; otherwise, except that the middle
coxae are metallic at base, it agrees with the female.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from larva of Sinerinthus excceca-
tus. )

(iS) Eulophus incongruus, n. sp.

9- Length 1.5 to i.S mm. ^neous-black, scaly punctate, with
purplish metallic reflections in certain lights ; scape, flagellum beneath,
trochanters, tips of femora, and all tibias and tarsi, except the last joint,
yellowish- white. Wings hyaline, the veins light brown, the marginal vein
more than three times as long as the stigmal, the postmarginal nearly
twice as long as the stigmal.

Head transverse, wider than the thorax, with a deep, broad frontal ex
cavation, clothed with sparse, short hairs: viewed from in front the head
is wider than long, the space between the eyes alone being as wide as the
head is long; the anterior ocellus is on or at the extreme edge of the
frontal excavation: antennae 8-jointed, inserted below the middle of the
face, on an imaginary line drawn from the base of the eyes ; the scape is
a little longer than half the length of the flagellum, including the pedicel,
and does not quite reach to the front ocellus ; flagellum slightly thickened
towards the tip, the pedicel a little shorter than the first joint of the fla
gellum ; joints 2-4 of funicle about equal in length but widening, joints 3
and 4 being a little wider than long; club cone-shaped. 2-jointed.

Thorax clothed with long, sparse hairs; no parapsidal furrows, the
mesonotum slightly depressed in front of the scutellum ; scutellum rather
large, subconvex, the axillse widely separated, each bearing a long black
bristle at inner apical angle; metathorax not short, with a median carinu
and broad spiracular sulci, the spiracles rounded. Abdomen oval, de
pressed, not longer than the thorax, the segments subequal.

(-p. Length 1.2 mm. Agrees well with the female, except in its
smaller size and in having joints i to 3 of flagellum furnished with a long %
pilose branch.

Hab. Cambridge, Mass. (Bred from the larva of Tkyreus abbotii.}

The species is undoubtedly a hyperparasite on one of the pri
mary parasites reared by Dr. Dimmock from this moth. It is
placed in the genus Eitlophus only temporarily.

OF WASHINGTON. 159

FAMILY BRACONID^.

(28) Apanteles euchaetis, n. sp.

(^ 9- Length 2-2.5 ir >m. Black, shining; scape beneath in ^, pedi
cel, and two or three of the basal joints of flagellum testaceous (scape in
9 black); palpi white; legs honey-yellow, the hind coxae, except at tips
and beneath, black, polished, impunctate, their femora fuscous, paler
towards base and beneath, tips of their tibiae and tarsi, subfuscous.

Head on vertex and behind polished, impunctate, the face opaque, con-
fluently punctate; mandibles rufous; antennae in 9 about the length
of the body, in $ a little longer. Mesonotum finely but not closely
punctate, shining, the punctures confined to anterior margin and at basal
angles of the humeri, the scutellum shining but distinctly although
sparsely punctate ; metanotum rather short, shining, only slightly
wrinkled, the median carina very delicate and almost obliterated.
Wings hyaline, the stigma pale brownish, the nervures pallid; the
first abscissa of radius is scarcely as long as the transverse cubitus.
or at least not longer. Abdomen, except the lateral membranous
margins of first dorsal segment and ventral segments i and 2 which
are reddish-yellow, polished black, shining; the plate of first seg
ment is long, trapezoidal, from 2j to 3 times as long as wide at apex,
with the hind angles slightly rounded, smooth or at the most with only a
few sparse punctures ; the second segment has distinct oblique lateral
furrows and in the 9 is a little more than one-third the length of the
third, while in the ^ it is scarcely one-third the length of the third; the
fourth segment in 2 is two-thirds the length of third, the following a
little shorter; in the $ the fourth segment is only about half the length
of the third.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from larva of Euchcetes egle.}

(29) Apanteles murtfeldtae, n. sp.

9. Length i.S mm. Black, shining, sericeous; scape, pedicel and
legs, except hind coxae which are black and punctate, brownish-yellow,
the tips of hind tibiae and tarsi subfuscous ; flagellum brown-black, fluted ;
lateral membranous margins of dorsal segments i to 3 and sides of ven
tral segments i to 5 (the latter only slightly so"> yellowish ; mandibles,
except at tips, ferruginous or reddish; palpi and tegulae yellowish-white.

Head above smooth, shining, impunctate, the temples feebly aluta-
ceous ; face shagreened, subopaque ; antennae about as long as the body.
Mesonotum closely, uniformly punctate, subopaque ; scutellum polished,
shining, feebly sparsely punctate at sides only; metathorax not short,
finely rugose, with a distinct median carina ; mesopleura smooth, polished
on the disk, with a femoral furrow, but anteriorly, and along the upper
margin, punctate. Wings hyaline, the stigma, poststigmal vein and first
branch of the radius light brown, the other veins pallid; first abscissa of
radius a little longer than the transverse cubitus or the upper side of the

160 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

open areolet. Abdomen as long as the thorax; the plate of first segment
is trapezoidal, about i times as long as wide at apex, with the hind
angles a little rounded; the plate and the second segment, and the third
segment, except at apex, but more feebly so, rugoso-punctate, the second
with a median ridge, rest of the abdomen smooth and shining; the second
segment is a little shorter than the third or at least not longer, while the
fourth and fifth united are scarcely as long as the third.

rf '. Length 1.6 mm. Differs from 9 * n having the antennae longer
than the body, the scape brownish only beneath, the hind coxae pale at
apex, the hind femora at tips as well as the tips of their tibiae and their
tarsi, fuscous ; while the abdomen is depressed, with the plate of first
segment a little narrower in proportion to its width, it being fully if
times as long as wide at apex.

Hab. Cambridge, Mass., and Kirkwood, Mo. (Miss Mary Murtfeldt )

This species was first bred by Miss Murtfeldt, and is now in
the U. S. National Museum, labeled "from a gray Geometric!
on Oak, Aug. 12, 1886." It has also been bred by Dr. Dim-
mock from an unknown Geometric! feeding on Rubus.

(30) Apanteles nemoriae, n. sp.

$ 9- Length 1.8 to 2 mm. Black, sericeous; palpi whitish; mandi
bles and legs ferruginous; all coxae black; terminal joints of anterior ^nd
middle tarsi, middle femora toward base, hind femora above, apical one-
third of their tibiae and their tarsi, fuscous or black ; hind femora beneath,
more or less rufous ; tibial spurs white.

Head shining, the face subconvex, with a slight median carina above,
and minutely, closely punctate ; ocelli whitish: antennae nearly as long
as the body, black, the scape at extreme apical margin piceous.

Thorax above, including the scutellum, minutely, closely punctate,
opaque, and finely sericeous; mesopleura punctate anteriorly, the
punctures becoming less dense posteriorly, where there is a smooth,
polished median space ; metathorax moderately rugulose. with a delicate
median carina. Wings hyaline, the tegulae and stigma brown, the costal
nervure, parastigma and internal nervures pale or hyaline; first abscissa
of the radius i times as long as the transverse cubital nervure, or the
inner side of the open triangular areolet; third abscissa of the median
nervure a little longer than the second; discoidal and subdiscoidal veins
subobsolete. Abdomen not longer than the thorax, wholly black, except
the coxal fo\ eae which are piceous, and the lateral membranous margins of
the first segment which are honey-yellow; the plate of first segment is
trapezoidal, about i^ times as long as wide at apex, the plate and second
segment rugulosely punctate, the latter with a slight median ridge, and
very little shorter than the third segment; the third segment, except nar
rowly at outer basal angles, as well as all the following segments, is
smooth, impunctate ; ovipositor at the most subexserted.

Hab. Suffield, Mass., and Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from larva of
Nem&ria gratasia.}

OF WASHINGTON. 161

This species comes nearest to A. limenitidis Riley, and might
easily be confused with it ; but the paler trochanters, color of
anterior legs, pale costal and internal nervures, the sculpture of
the first and second abdominal segments which is coarser, while
the second segment is proportionately longer, readily separate
the two species.

(31) Apanteles parorgyiae, sp. n.

9- Length 25 mm. Black; palpi, tegulae, costal nervures toward base
and median and submedian nervures, white ; scape, except apex, pedicel,
mandibiles, except tips, legs including coxse, abdomen beneath, lateral
margins of all dorsal segments, the third dorsal segment entirely (rarely
with a dusky spot at middle) and large lateral spots on fourth and usually
small lateral spots on fifth segment, yellow. Sometimes the third dorsal
segment except two small lateral spots, as well as the following segments,
are wholly black.

Head smooth, polished; the face sparsely minutely punctate but still
shining, with a slight median carina above, more distinct in male.

Thorax above closely confluently punctate, opaque, sericeous, except a
small space on the shoulders where the punctures are separated and the
scutellum; mesopleura with a large shining impunctate space on disk but
anteriorly and extending on to the mesosternum the surface becomes
rather closely punctate; metespisternum smooth, polished, with a large
fovea ; metapleura and metanotum rather coarsely rugose, the latter
with a sharp well-defined median carina; hind coxae sometimes dusky
at base.

Wings hyaline; costal nervure towards apex, parastigma, stigma and
other nervures except as already mentioned light brown ; first abscissa of
radius a little shorter than the first transverse cubital nervure.

Abdomen a little longer than the thorax; plate of first segment trape
zoidal; it, as well as the second segment, longitudinally lineately rugose;
the third more or less feebly sculptured at base; the following segments
smooth, polished, the second segment is a little shorter than the third,
the fourth about half as long as the third.

J 1 . Length 1.5 mm. Besides the great difference in size, this sex
differs greatly in other respects. The antennae are very much longer than
the body, the flagellum being brownish, with each joint indistinctly di
vided into two joints ; the mesosternum and mesopleura anteriorly are
more sparsely punctate; the metathorax is without the distinct median
carina; the plate of first abdominal segment is rugoso-punctate, while
the second segment is shallowly vaguely punctate or almost smooth ;
otherwise in color and venation of front wings, it agrees with the female.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H.

Described from $ 9 specimens bred by Dr. Geo. Dimmock,
from larva of Spilosoma (?) virginica. Bred specimens are
also in the National Museum reared from Parorgyia clintonia.

162 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

(32) Apanteles schizurse, n. sp.

(-J 1 . Length 1.8 to 2 mm. Head and thorax black, sericeous; la-
brum and mandibles ferruginous ; palpi and tegulae white ; legs brownish -
yellow, the anterior pair a little the paler ; hind coxse black, tips of hind
femora, tips of their tibiae and their tarsi fuscous.

Head above and behind polished, impunctate, face_feebly microscopic
ally punctate ; antennae a little longer than the body, brown-black. Thorax
at sides and beneath, shining; the mesonotum opaque, minutely, densely
punctate; scutellum shining, sparsely punctate; mesopleura anteriorly
closely punctate, on disk and posteriorly smooth, shining; metathorax
finely rugulose, subopaque, with a distinct median carina ; wings hyaline,
with the stigma and poststigmal vein brown, the other nervures paler;
there is a bulla at the inner fork of the areolet, and the upper fork of the
areolet is two-thirds the length of the first abscissa of radius. Abdomen
not quite as long as the head and thorax united, black, except thejateral
membranous margins of the first segment and the sides of venter at
base, usually hidden by the hind coxae, which are piceous or reddish ; the
first and second segments are finely rugulose, the second less distinctly
so, or much more finely sculptured, with a very slight indication of a
median ridge at base : the plate of the first segment is trapezoidal, scarcely
i^ times as long as wide, while the second segment is a little shorter than
the third, the fourth is about half the length of the third, the following
very slightly and gradually shorter.

The male differs in no particular from the female, except the antennas
are longer, being i^ times as long as the body, ferruginous beneath ;
while the abdomen is much narrower, with the ridge on the second dorsal
segment complete.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H.

Described from many specimens bred by Dr. Geo. Dimmock,
from larva of Schizura unicornis ; also, from many specimens
in U. S. National Museum, bred from same larva.

The species structurally comes nearest to A. scitulus Riley,
but differs decidedly in colorational detail and in sculpture.

(33; Apanteles radiatus, n. sp.

(J 9- Length 1.8-2 mm. Black, shining; scape, pedicel, legs, in
cluding the coxae, the lateral membranous margins of dorsal segments
1-3, and the venter, except sometimes at the apex, brownish-yellow ; tips
of hind tibiae dusky; flagellum dark brown, paler beneath, especially in
the $ ; labium and mandibles reddish or ferruginous ; palpi and tegulae,
white. Head above and posteriorly smooth, impunctate ; the face feebly
and sparsely, microscopically punctate, more distinctly punctate in 9-
Thorax polished, the mesonotum sparsely, minutely punctate, the meso
pleura and scutellum impunctate, the former with a deep femoral fur
row ; metathorax not short, subopaque, feebly or finely rugulose, with a

OF WASHINGTON. 163

distinct median carina. Wings hyaline, the stigma brown, the first ab
scissa of radius shorter than the transverse cubital nervure, or the upper
side of the areolet. Hind coxae long, cylindrical, extending to the apex
of the third abdominal segment. Abdomen about as long as the thorax ;
the plate of first segment is narrow, in outline conical, about three times
as long as wide at base ; the plate and the second dorsal segment are
longitudinally aciculate or striate, the latter being shorter than the third
segment and with two oblique furrows, sometimes almost obliterated by
the striae.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from a Lepidopterous larva feed
ing on Pltuitago major.}

(34) Protapanteles ephyrse, n. sp.

$ . Length 2 mm. Black, pubescent, the head and thorax somewhat
closely finely punctate, subopaque ; palpi yellowish-white; legs except
coxae and tips of hind femora, tips of tibiae and their tarsi except annulus
at base of first joint, brownish-yellow; lateral membranous margins of
first segment, and basal half of venter, yellow; the costa, stigma, and
poststigmal vein dark brown, rest of veins subhyaline. The antennae are
much longer than the body, thickened at base and gradually becoming
slenderer towards apex, the first flagellar the shortest and stoutest, three
times as long as thick, the second four times as long as thick, the follow
ing relatively longer and slenderer ; mandibles ferruginous. Metathorax
finely rugulose, shining, without carina; hind coxae elongate, polished
except a few microscopic punctures on the outer ridge towards base.

Wings hyaline, the recurrent nervure and second branch of the me
dian nervure of an equal length, first abscissa of radius about one and
two-third times as long as the transverse cubital nervure (the inner side
of the areolet); hind wings with a closed discoidal cell and two margina
cells defined by subobsolete hyaline nervures. Abdomen shorter than the
thorax, the plate of first segment long trapezoidal more than twice as
long as wide, with the hind angles slightly rounded, the surface,
especially in apical third, delicately sculptured with oblong punctures ;
second segment about as long as the third ; somewhat coarsely acicu-
lated, with a median ridge about as long as the third; third and following
segments smooth, the fourth and fifth segments equal, united a little
longer than third, sixth segment a little shorter than fifth ; the seventh
very short.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from Ephyra pendulinarta.)

(35) Protapanteles tortricis, n. sp.

9. Length i.Sto 2 mm. ; ovipositor clavate, half the length of abdo
men. Black, subopaque, clothed with a somewhat dense, greyish pubes
cence; head in front and the pro- and meso-thorax minutely punctulate;
scutellum polished, feebly, sparsely, microscopically punctate; metatho-
rax not long, finely wrinkled ; mesopleura smooth, but pubescent; man-

164 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

dibles ferruginous ; palpi and tegulae white ; antennae much longer than
the body, entirely black ; legs, except coxae and other noted exceptions,
rufo-ferruginous ; coxae black, hind femora toward tips outwardly obfus
cated, tips of their tibiae and tarsi black, the basal joint of tarsi about as
long as joints 2-4 united. Wings hyaline, the stigma, costa and post-
stigmal veins brown, the internal veins pale or subhyaline, first abscissa
of radius equal to the transverse cubital nervure. Abdomen as long as
the thorax, black, with the lateral membranous margins of the first dorsal
segment, and the first ventral segment at sides, rufo-piceous ; first and
second segments rugose, the third, except at apex, finely longitudinally
aciculated, especially at the middle, somewhat smoother towards the
sides; plate of first segment slightly more than i^ times longer than wide
at apex, the sides nearly parallel ; the second segment slightly shorter
than the third, with lateral oblique furrows, widely separated at base :
fourth and following segments very short, smooth.

<$. Length 1.2 mm. Black, shining, impunctate ; metathorax feebly
wrinkled, shining; plate of first abdominal segment and the second lon
gitudinally aciculated, the third, except very narrowly at extreme base,
as well as the following, smooth, shining; the plate of first segment is
fully twice as long as wide, the second segment being longer than the
third; while the middle and hind pairs of legs are brown, with their tro-
chanters and extreme base of their tibiae, yellowish.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from an unknown Tortricid larva
feeding on Comptonia asplenifolta.)

(36) Microplitis hyphantiae, n. sp.

9, cT- Length 3 to 3.5 mm. Opaque black, pubescent; the middle of
the mesopleura and the abdomen smooth and shining; two basal joints
of antennae, the mandibles and the mouth-parts, the tegulas, and all legs,
including coxae, brownish-yellow, the posterior tarsi sometimes more or
less subfuscous; flagellum brown-black.

Mesonotum minutely or finely scabrous, with a very delicate, nearly
obsolete median carina, which does not quite attain the anterior margin
and which on account of the pubescence is apt to be overlooked; meso-
sternal furrow long, broad and crenulate ; metathorax coarsely rugose and
more coarsely reticulated on the posterior face, with a prominent median
carina. Wings faintly tinged with fuscous, the areolet large, the first
branch of radius not or scarcely longer than the first transverse cubital
nervure, or the inner side of the areolet, the recurrent nervure not longer
than the length of the second discoidal cell, the transverse median nervure
joins the first discoidal cell at about its basal third. Abdomen oval,
polished, with the plate of the first segment in 9 broad, trapezoidal, only
a little longer than wide at apex, shagreened ; in ^ this plate is somewhat
longer with the sides slightly curved.

Hab. Champaign, 111. (Prof. S. A. Forbes), and Cambridge, Mass.

OF WASHINGTON. 165

This species was first sent me by Prof. Forbes, who reared it
from the larva of Hyphantia cunea. Dr. Dimmock reports
having bred it from an undetermined noctuid larva feeding on
Apple leaves.

As I have described above two species of Microgasterines in
genera not yet characterized, I give here my table of the genera
of the subfamily Microgasterince, taken from my forthcoming
Monograph on the North American Braconidse.

TABLE OF GENERA.

Marginal cell incomplete or wholly wanting 2

Marginal cell completely closed.

Front wings with two submarginal cells; antennae i6-jointed.

(i) Ecclites Forst.

2. Marginal cell for the most part entirely absent with only the first

abscissa of radius present 3

Marginal cell not entirely wanting with the radius present but
shortened.

Antennae 2o-jointed ; metanotum not strongly areolated, the
radius not geniculate ; hind part of cubitus emerging from the

first discoidal cell (2) Acoelius Hal.

Antennae 2i-jointed; metanotum strongly areolated, the radius
geniculate; hind part of cubitus emerging from the first dis
coidal cell (3) Dirrhope Forst.

Antennae i3-i4-jointed in 9> i cT i4-i6-jointed ; metanotum
not areolated ; radius geniculate, the areolet incomplete but
in position quadrate; hind part of cubitus interstitial with the

fore part , (4) Elasmosoma Ruthe.

? = Neoneurus Hal.

3. Front wings with 3 submarginal cells, although the second or the

areolet is sometimes open behind and therefore confluent with the

third....! 4

Front wings without or at the most with only 2 submarginal cells, the
areolet not defined.

Front wings without submarginal cells, the first and second sub-
marginal cells and the first and second discoidal cells confluent ;
mesonotum with a large fovea in front of the scutellum ; an
tennae 2i-jointed; hind coxae very long, cylindrical.

(5) Ccelothorax Ashm., n. g.

Front wings with 2 submarginal cells, the discoidal cells distinct,
separated; mesonotum normal; antennae 14-jointed; hind
wings without a radius or cubitus (6) Mirax Hal.

4. Antennae i8-jointed.

Second submarginal cell or the areolet completely closed 6

Second submarginal cell open behind and confluent with the
third.

166 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Clypeus entirely separated from the face by a distinct

grooved line between the clypeal foveae 5

Clypeus not entirely separated from the face, the grooved
line between the clypeal foveae wanting.
Metathorax with a median carina.

Second abdominal segment not separated
from the third by a deep transverse furrow;
ovipositor never prominent, at the most sub.
exserted ; hypopygium acutely plow-share
shaped.

(7) Apanteles Forst.

Second abdominal segment separated from
the third by a deep transverse furrow;
ovipositor very long, always longly exser
ted ; hypopygium not so acute.

(8) Pseudapanteles Ashm., n. g.

Metathorax without trace of a median carina, smooth
or alutaceous and without areas, rarely with a
slight median impression posteriorly which at
the most is indistinctly margined behind.

(9) Protapanteles Ashm., n. g.

Metathorax with an areola or closed median area,
ovipisitor always prominent (Urogaster).

5. Metathorax with a distinct median carina.

Ovipositor never prominent... (Apanteles).

Ovipositor very long, always prominent (Pseudapanteles).

Metathorax without a median carina or a median area.

Ovipositor very long (Protapanteles).

Metathorax areolated or always with a distinct median area or areola.

Ovipositor always prominent 0) Urogaster.

6. Clypeus not entirely separated from the face 7

Clypeus entirely separated from the face.

Metathorax with a more or less distinct median area, areolet
very small; second abdominal segment much shorter than the

third (n) Hypomicrogaster Ashm., n. g.

Metathorax with a prominent median carina ; areolet not small ;
second abdominal segment usually longer than the third or
subequal.

Second abdominal segment separated from the third by a
deep transverse furrow.

Mesosternal furrow long, crenulate, abdomen very
long, the sides parallel; plate of first segment
oblong quadrate, as wide as the second ; ovipositor
long; last tarsal joint long and stout, the pulvil-
lus large, longer than the claws.

(12) Hygroplitis Thorns.

OF WASHINGTON. 167

Mesosternal furrow wanting, or shallowly impressed,
smooth ; abdomen not especially elongate, the
sides never parallel ; plate of first segment usually
trapezoidal, ovipositor long; last tarsal joint and

the pulvillus normal Microgaster Latr.

7. Hind tibial spurs very long, the inner spur fully two-thirds the length
of the basal joint of tarsus ; plate of first segment very narrow,

linear.. (13) Protomicroplitis Ashm., n. g.

Hind tibial spurs short, the inner spur scarcely one-third the length of
the basal joint of tarsus; plate of first segment variable.

(14) Microplitis Forst.

(41) Aphidius ribis, n. sp.

9- Length 2 mm. Luteous; vertex and occiput, thorax above and
ovipositor, black ; flagellum, except base of first joint, brown-black ; dorsal
abdominal segments 2-4, the apical half of segment 5, and a spot on apex
of segment 6, reddish-brown.

Antennae i5-jointed, reaching to the middle of abdomen, very slightly
thickened toward tips ; flagellar joints 1-3 subequal, about four times as long
as thick, or possibly slightly longer, the following joints very gradually
thickening and shortening to the last, the fourth joint being about three
times as long as thick, the penultimate only a little more than twice as
long as thick, the last, the longest joint, almost as long as the two pre
ceding united. Metathorax smooth, with median and lateral carinae.
Wings hyaline, the veins pale, tinged with brownish. Abdomen long,
lanceolate, one-third longer than the head and thorax united.

rf . Agrees with the female, except that the antennae are longer than
the body, filiform, iS-jointed, the flagellum black, the joints all delicately
fluted, subequal in length, on an average about 23- times as long as thick,
except the last, which is nearly twice as long as the preceding, with some
times an indistinct suture dividing it into two joints; mesopleura black
ish; while the abdomen, except petiole, is mostly brown.

Hab. Cambridge, Mass. (Bred from Aphis rtbts.)

FAMILY ICHNEUMONID^E.
(47) Hypotherentes geometrae, n. sp.

C^. Length 4.5 mm. Black; scape, except a lateral stripe outwardly,
pedicel, ring-joint, fore femora, except tips, the middle femora and the
tibiae, except tips, and hind coxae and femora, ferruginous ; mandibles,
palpi, tegulae, anterior and middle legs, except as noted, hind trochanters,
knees, a band on middle of hind tibiae, tibial spurs, basal half of first
joint of hind tarsi and sutures of following joints, white; hind tibiae, with
a black annulus near base, and their apical one-third, black; hind tarsi,
except as already noted, fuscous ; flagellum brown-black.

Head transverse, closely punctate, the face with sparse glittering or
silvery pubescence ; eyes large, extending almost to base of mandibles

168 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

and leaving only a linear space between ; clypeus not separated from
face, except slightly at sides. Thorax closely punctate, without distinct
parapsidal furrows ; the mesopleura concave beneath the wings ; rneta-
thorax with the areola and petiolar area confluent, the lateral basal areas
complete, the lateral middle areas open outwardly, the longitudinal carina
being absent, the angular area or third pleural area distinct, but small ;
spiracles broadly oval. Wings hyaline, the stigma and veins, except the
subcostal, which is white, are dark brown; areolet petiolate ; transverse
median nervure in hind wings straight, not broken. Abdomen fusiform,
petiolate, and very finely coriaceous, about as longas the head and thorax
united, black, with the apical edge of the petiole, the foveolae of second
segment and its apical two-thirds, the third segment, except at extreme
base along the suture, and the following segments along the lateral ven
tral edges, as well as the venter, ferruginous ; the petiole is as long as the
hind coxae and trochanters combined, the spiracles small, round and placed
at its apical third, and from them extend a delicate carina to tip of seg
ment;, the third segment is about two-thirds the length of the second,
wider than long; the fourth is scarcely two-thirds the length of the third,
while the following are still shorter.

Hab. Arlington, Mass. (Bred from an unknown Geometrid larva on
Betula alba.}

(49) Ischnoscopus synchlorae, n. sp.

<3\ Length 5.2 mm. Head, thorax, antennae, except the scape, hind
tibiae, except a narrow annulus at base, and tarsi, except a narrow an-
nulus at base, black; scape, abdomen and rest of legs, except as noted
below, rufous; mandibles, palpi, tegulae, anterior coxae and trochanters,
their tibiae outwardly and tarsi, middle knees, a streak on their tibiae out
wardly, as well as spurs and tarsi, white. Wings hyaline, the stigma and
nervures brown.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from larva of Synchlora sp., the
old name for Aplodes.}

(50) Mesochorus tachinae, n. sp.

9- Length 4.5 mm. Stemmaticum. the occiput surrounding the fora
men; thorax, except posternum and anterior part of pronotum, and first
and second abdominal segments, black; head, except anterior orbits and
mouth-parts, which are white, antennae, except toward tips, legs, and
abdomen from apex of second segment, including the sheaths of oviposi
tor, honey-yellow; tegulae, anterior coxae and trochanters, white. Meta-
thorax polished, delicately, subobsoletely areolated, the middle area very
narrow. Wings hyaline, the stigma and veins brown, the costal vein
toward base, a spot between stigma and parastigma and the post-stigmal
vein, white. Abdomen smooth, the petiole twice as long as second seg
ment, with only two slight grooves above, just in front of the spiracles,
the third segment very slightly shorter than the second, the fourth about

OF WASHINGTON. 169

one-third as long as the third, the fifth half the length of fourth, the fol
lowing retracted, the ovipositor as long as the basal joint of hind tarsi ;
the longer spur of hind tibia only half as long as the basal joint of tarsus.
Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from a puparium of a Tachinid fly
which is parasitic on an unknown Tortricid larva.)

This species comes nearest to Mesochorus basilis Cr.

(53) Neoeryma lophyri, n. sp. (Neoeryma n. n. for Eryma Forst. pre
occupied.)

9- Length 7 mm. Black, finely microscopically punctate; face
below antennae produced into two points towards base of each antenna,
the clypeus, mandibles, short space below mandibles and eyes, palpi,
tegulae, a point before and a short line beneath scutellums, basal half of
posterior tibiae and apical margins of abdominal segments (very narrow
on the short terminal segment), white; legs red, middle tarsi, extreme
tips of hind femora, apical half of their tibiae and their tarsi black; wings
hyaline, the stigma and nervures black.

$. Agrees well with female except the propectus and anterior coxae and
trochanters are white ; the mesopectus is rufous and connected with a
white longitudinal band on the lower part of the pleura which extends
forward at a slight elevation and terminates before attaining the thorax,
thus leaving a black triangular space between it and the fore part of the
rufous mesopectus.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from saw-fly larva, Lopkyrus. sp.)

(54) Sychnoportus rufopectus, n. sp.

C^. Length 5 mm. Black, shining; head below ocelli opaque, meta-
thorax opaque ; mesopectus obscure rufous ; mandibles, palpi, tegulse, ante
rior coxae and trochanters, second joint of hind trochanters, basal two-
thirds of hind tibiae, except a spot toward base outwardly, and extreme
apical edges of abdominal segments 4-7, white, rest of legs rufous; wings
hyaline, the stigma and nervure black, the areolet wanting; metathorax
areolated ; abdominal segments 1-3 shagreened.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from an unknown Tenthredinid
larva.)

(57) Phceogenes phycidis, n. sp.

9- Length 9 mm. Rufo-ferruginous ; scape and pedicel above, fla-
gellar joints 1-6 and 13-25, tips of hind femora, tips of their tibiae and
extreme apex of abdomen, black; flagellar joints 7-12, the tegulae and a
spot beneath, yellowish-white; head above, face and thorax minutely,
sparsely punctate; metathorax completely areolated, the areas finely
transversely rugulose; abdomen polished, the segments at the most very
indistinctly and sparsely microscopically punctate, the petiole above
towards apex perfectly smooth, impunctate, the gastrocoeli transversely
shallowly defined, the surface from them to the base very finely aciculated.

Head large, quadrate; flagellar joints 1-3 subequal, scarcely three times

170 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

as long as thick at apex. Wings hyaline, the stigma and veins brown-
black.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from larva of Phycis rubrifasciella.}

(59) Acrobela tachinse, n. sp.

9- Length 1.8 mm. Head and thorax black, shining; scape of an
tennae, legs, including coxae and abdomen, brownish-yellow, or pale
ferruginous; flagellum opaque, black; palpi whitish; labrum, mandibles,
except teeth and a spot on cheeks at base of mandibles, honey-yellow;
wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures brown.

Head transverse, polished, a little wider than the thorax, emarginated
behind, the temples as wide as the eyes, the face and labrum with some
whitish hair.; antennae longer than body, the first joint of flagellum a little
longer than the second, the following gradually becoming shorter. Meso-
notum, with distinct parapsidal furrows and the median lobe, with a
median impressed line; scutellum smooth, subconvex, with a crenate
fovea at base; metathorax rugose, sparsely pubescent; wings hyaline,
the stigma elongate, thickened, wider than the first abscissa cf radius,
the radius originating considerably before its middle; second abscissa of
radius about one-half longer than the first transverse cubitus, the second
transverse cubitus scarcely half the length of the first; recurrent nervure
joining the first submarginal cell before its apex; submedian cell a little
longer than the median ; abdomen much shorter than the thorax, sub-
petiolated, the first, second and third segments shagreened, the following
smooth, shining; ovipositor black, scarcely visible beyond tip of abdomen.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from a Tachinid puparium from an
unknown Geometrid larva.)

(69) Asphragis pulcherrimus, n. sp.

9. Length 7 mm. ; ovipositor 5 mm. Black, shining; clypeus. a line
beneath eyes, mouth-parts, a dot on anterior orbits opposite, the antennae,
line at summit of eyes, tegulae, a short line before, a cuneiform mark on
anterior margin of mesonotum, but widest and broadly separated at the
indications of the parapsidal furrows, and the coxae and trochanters more
or less, white ; the scutellum, mesopleura, most of the metapleura, and
legs, except as noted below, red; antennae black towards base, gradually
becoming paler towards apex, being a light brown or brownish-yellow
from the seventh joint, the flagellar joints 1-5 tinged with ferruginous at
tips ; anterior coxae with a black spot at base behind, their trochanters
blackish at base ; middle coxae mostly black behind and with a black streak
at sides, their trochanters blackish at base; hind coxae mostly black, with
two white streaks outwardly, their trochanters black at base ; middle fem
ora at extreme base and their tibiae at extreme apex, narrowly black; hind
femora at base and apex, their tibiae, except narrowly at base and at the
middle outwardly, and their tarsi, except narrowly at base, black. Wings
hyaline, the stigma and veins black ; the areolet wanting. Abdomen

OF WASHINGTON. 171

microscopically transversely aciculated, with the apical margins of dorsal
segments i to 5, more or less narrowly white; venter white, with lateral
black spots on segments 1-4.

(3\ Length 6 mm. Face, anterior orbits, cheeks, mouth-parts, sides
of thorax, except the mesopleura superiorly, which is tinged with red,
the coxae and trochanters, and dorsal abdominal segments 2-5 at extreme
apex, white; mandibles and hind coxse streaked within and without with
black, their trochanters and femora at base narrowly black; hind tibiae at
apex and their tarsi, except basally. which are whitish, fuscous. Abdo
men almost smooth, without the microscopic transverse aciculations
noted in the female.

Hab. Canobie Lake, N. H. (Bred from an unknown Tortricid larva.)

My* APRIL i, 1897.

President Marlatt in the chair and Messrs. Ash mead, Patten,
Gill, Schwarz, Motter, Pratt, Johnson, Benton, Kenyon, Busck,
Banks, and Howard also present.

Under the head of "Exhibition of specimens and short
notes," Mr. Johnson showed Tribolium madens, a species
w r hich had been sent to him from Montana in mill products.
This is the first record of such a habit in this northern species,
and he also said that he had found the previously unknown larva
of this species. He further showed a parasite of Gelechia cereal-
lela caught in the act of oviposition. Mr. Ashmead determined
this as probably a species of Dibrachys or Catoloccus.

Mr. Schwarz showed specimens of Trigonoscuta pilosa, a
maritime species collected by Mr. Hubbard at Palm Springs,
Cal., and stated that Mr. Ulke possesses specimens of Cercyon
jimbriatum which may also come from this locality. This
latter species is also maritime, and Mr. Hubbard's finding tends
to substantiate the theory that the Colorado desert was formerly
an arm of the sea.

Mr. Schwarz also showed a fragment of a specimen of a
Dynastid genus new to North America and apparently allied to
Golopha. This was found in the great mesquite forest south of
Tucson, by Mr. H. Brown. He discussed the entomological evi
dence in regard to the supposed tropical character of the fauna
of the lower Colorado Valley, and showed that, while many new

172 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

species are found there, only 5 or 6 genera of a tropical character
have as yet been collected, and the evidence is insufficient to
prove the region to belong to the neotropical. His remarks
were based mainly upon the recent collections of Mr. Hubbard,
who has captured more Coleoptera at Yuma than any other one
collector. These specimens, however, were captured in the
winter time, and summer collecting might produce stronger evi
dence in favor of the tropical idea. The speaker suggested that
close collecting, if it were possible in the great mesquite forests
southwest of Tucson, or in the Colorado desert itself, might show
that the tropical elements enter our territory at these points
rather than in the immediate valley of the Colorado River.

Mr. Howard exhibited specimens of a new genus of Mono-
phlebinae taken by Mr. Hubbard on the creosote bush at Palm
Springs, and said that the only American representatives of this
subfamily of scale-insects are neotropical and that therefore this
finding had some significance as substantiating Dr. Merriam's
statements that this region is tropical.

Dr. Gill agreed with Mr. Schwarz and said that he did not
think Dr. Merriam justified in mapping this region as tropical.
He does not think, even with the forms which most guided Dr.
Merriam, viz.', the mammals and birds, that the evidence is com
plete. The fish fauna of the lower Colorado is poor, but all the
forms are temperate in their character. The reptiles of the re
gion offer the best evidence in support of the tropical idea, but
even this is inconclusive.

Mr. Schwarz exhibited further a curious spiny Psyllid
which belongs to the genus Rhinocola, which Mr. Hubbard had
collected in the same region, and spoke of the spiny character of
the plants of the region and the apparent correspondence of the
spiny armature of the insects'.

Mr. Marlatt asked as to the connection between the spinosity
of the plants and the insects. Mr. Ashmead considered it to be
a plain case of protective resemblance and referred to the pecu
liar Heteropteron Pronotacantha as a species which profited in
this way. Mr. Schwarz said that an insect living on a spiny
plant is protected by the spines of the plant itself and theoreti
cally needs no spines of its own. Mr. Marlatt said that with so

OF WASHINGTON. 173

small an insect as the Rhinocola, in which the spines were micro
scopic, there could be no protective resemblance to plants. Dr.
Gill said that the distribution of spines upon an insect would
affect the play of the light and thus enable it to assimilate with
its surroundings. Mr. Marlatt was of the opinion that these
spines would prove to be of secondaiy sexual value and that
their occurrence is not due to protective resemblance.

Mr. Benton exhibited specimens of Apisjaponica which had
been sent to the U. S. Department of Agriculture by Professor
Matsumuri, of Japan, and pointed out the differences between
this species and Apis mellifica. He thought that its greater
pubescence would make it a better pollenizer and that it would
prove to be an active and energetic worker, so that possibly it
might be well to introduce it into North America.

Mr. Banks exhibited four rare species of Caddis flies,
namely, Neuronia pardalis Walk., Neuronia dossuaria Say,
Halesus argus Harris, and Neophylax concinnus McLach.
He pointed out the resemblance of the second species to a scor
pion fly and thought that this might be a case of protective
mimicry. He further spoke upon the interest attaching to the
Trichoptera through their close relationship with the Lepidop-
tera, which has recently been established.

The following paper was presented :

-f THREE NEW SPECIES OF CHRYSOPID/E.

By NATHAN BANKS.

The lace- wing flies of the northeastern United States are proba
bly mostly described, but those of the South and West have been
little studied and doubtless will furnish many new species. The
group is of much interest on account of its curious habits and
life-history, and is also of considerable economic importance
owing to the predaceous habits of the larvae.

Chrysopa. oculata has occupied in economic respects a place
similar to that of Lachnosterna fusca. And just as the later
studies of the May-beetles revealed many forms, so also the study
of our golden-eyed or lace-wing flies will show that there are
other species of nearly as much value as Ch. oculata.

The species of Chrysopa are exceedingly difficult to separate ;
the venation being remarkably constant in the various species,
and other structural characters are of little avail.

174 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

. Recourse has been taken to the markings of the head, which
furnish, in most cases at least, a basis for natural classification.
In this respect the genus is very similar to CEcanthus, in the
crickets. As to the exact value of these cephalic markings, there
will, of course, be various opinions. I have believed that Fitch
carried it to an extreme, and that several of his so-called species
are not entitled to specific or varietal rank. Yet these markings
are of value, for in forms that to the eye appear certainly distinct
the best characters for separation will be found to be these mark
ings of the head.

Two of the species I describe below are from Colorado, both
rather closely related to known forms ; the one to the eastern Ch.
lineaticornis Fh. ; the other to the southwestern Ch. punctiner-
vis McLach. The third, a species of Leucochrysa, comes from
Alabama. All three have been collected by Prof. C. F. Baker.

Chrysopa sabulosa, n. sp.

Green ; face yellowish, a short black stripe under each eye, broadest at
tip, near the inner end is a small black dot ; just below the antennae is a
transverse black mark. Above on the green vertex are two round black
dots ; the palpi are black. The antennse beyond the second joint are black
on their basal half ; the basal joints are short and close together, and with
a black stripe on the outer side, and a large black spot below. The pro-
thorax is green, unspotted, very short, with a transverse furrow behind
the middle. Thorax, legs, and abdomen pale green. Wings hyaline,
with green veins, some transversals partly black, the divisory of third
cubital black. Tip of wing broadly rounded, pterostigma quite distinct.
Alar expanse 24 mm.

One specimen, Ft. Collins, Colo.

Differs from Ch. lineaticornis in more spotted head, in the
large spot on lower side of basal joints of antennae, in black
divisory veinlet, and in shape of prothorax.

A Chrysopa fraterna, n. sp.

Yellowish, marked with dark red brown. Face i-ather greenish, a short
black stripe under each eye, and each side of labrum an elongate spot ; a
reddish band across the base of labrum and a spot in the middle. Two
black lines between the antenna, diverging above, each side of venter near
the eye is a black spot. Palpi broadly banded with black. Basal joint
of antenna has a dark spot on inner side, and two lines above, second joint
with a black ring, rest of antennse pale. Thorax broadly margined each
side with a red-brown stripe and a narrow line on the middle. Legs pale,
a brown dot under tips of the anterior femora, and a band just before tip
on posterior femora. Abdomen much spotted with dark red-brown.
Wings hyaline, the subcosta, sector, cubitus and postcubitus dotted with
brown ; the transversal wholly dark. Tip of wing rounded ; the sector of
radius curves but slightly toward the radius.

OF WASHINGTON. 1 75

One specimen, Ft. Collins, Colo.

Closely related to Ch. ptinciinervis, but larger and differently
marked ; quite noticeable by the band on hind femora.

Leucochrysa americana, n. sp.

Pale greenish. A transverse reddish spot under each antenna ; above is
a transverse red line bent downward in the middle, and giving off a spur
between the antennae. Vertex with two deep depressions. Antennae
wholly pale, longer than wings, basal joint short and stout. Prothorax
short, narrowed in front; with a short black spot in the middle of the
front margin, and a reddish-brown line on each anterior side. Legs pale.
Abdomen pale, with a large reddish spot on the last ventral segment, and
a dot on each side on the genitalia. Wings hyaline, rounded at tips; the
hind pair narrowed and more acute; the pterostigma brownish, distinct.
The third cubital cell much longer than the second, not very much
broader; the divisorj veinlet arising from quite near to the postcubitus.
The sector of the radius is very mUch nearer to the radius at pterostigma
than in the middle of its length. Alar expanse 27 mm.

One specimen, Auburn, Ala.

Easily separated from L. floridana by its smaller size and
different markings.

In discussion Mr. Schwarz referred to the fact that we badly
need synoptic tables of the lace-winged flies the published
descriptions are so widely scattered. Mr. Banks spoke of the
characters used in classification and showed that for specific
separation the characters are almost entirely colorational. Few
or no structural characters of specific value can be found.

Mr. Ashmead stated that he had studied these insects to some
extent and believed that if carefully studied venation would show
characters of value.

Mr. Banks expressed himself as of the opinion that the
venational characters are absolutely worthless. He showed that
the two fore- wings of the same individual may differ in venation.
Mr. Ashmead stated that the same difficulty exists with the
dragon flies and with the Orthoptera, but that with prolonged
study, even with this difficulty, Saussure has ascertained many
excellent venational characters with the Orthoptera.

Mr. Marlatt said that a complicated venation should always be
approached with caution and that in his opinion venation varies
within specific limits in direct ratio to its complication. He

176 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

stated that he had noticed that the eggs of the different Chrysopas
are variable both in length of stalk and in method of placing and
suggested that the species might be separated in this way, Messrs.
Schwarz and Ashmead having previously pointed out the varia
bility of the larvas of these insects.

OF WASHINGTON. 1 77

MAY J 3' lS 97-

President Marlatt in the chair and Messrs. Schwarz, Coquillett,
E. F. Smith, Busck, Fernow, Banks, Patten, Motter, Pratt, Gill,
Ashmeacl, Howard, and Dr. Clifton Mayfield also present.

The President announced the death, on May 3d last, of Martin
L. Linell, an active member of the Society, and made a few
remarks appreciative of the value of Mr. Linell's entomological
works, of his good qualities as a man and of the loss to the
Society from his death. Upon motion of Mr. Howard, it was
resolved that the Society publish a short sketch of Mr. Linell's
life and work with a bibliography of his published entomological
writings, and also a brief manuscript found upon his desk which
will be entitled k4 Descriptions of New Heteromerous Coleoptera
from North America."

MARTIN LARSSON LINELL.

Little is known of the early life of Linell, and the following
data are taken from a short obituary note published by Mr. F. H.
Chittenden in Entomological News (vol. 8, No. 6, p. 159):
Martin Larsson Linell was born at Gronby, Sweden, June 24,
1849. At an eai "ly a g e ne became interested in the study of
nature and made collections of Swedish insects and plants. In the
year 1870 he entered the university at Lund, where he distin
guished himself by his proficiency in mathematics, biology, and
languages. It was his father's intention to fit his son for the
ministry, but young Linell abandoned the university career at the
end of his third year and entered the railway mail service. In
1879 he married and came to America, where he obtained em
ployment in a chemical laboratory at Brooklyn, N. Y. In his
spare time he resumed his entomological studies and formed a
collection of Coleoptera. He soon established for himself the
reputation of being the best systematist among the New York
entomologists. In iSSS he was called to Washington as an aid
in the Department of Insects at the U. S. National Museum.

178 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Before Linell's entrance into this office very little work had been
done in arranging the vast material of insects at the Museum,
excepting the Lepidoptera, which had been for some time in the
charge of Mr. J. B. Smith. In bringing order in the collection,
Linell's remarkable qualities as a working entomologist were
clearly brought out. Hitherto only occupied with Coleoptera, he
was able, within an incredibly short time, to master the intricacies
of the classification of other orders so that in the course of a few
years he managed to bring order into the entire collection. Very
few persons are aware of the enormous amount of work ac
complished single-handed by Mr. Linell, work of a most thank
less nature, which left him no time to publish anything for
himself. However, when the Department of Insects was placed
under the curatorship of Dr. L. O. Howard, a better time dawned
for Linell, since, by the employment of assistants, he was relieved,
to some degree, of the tedious manual work which is inseparable
from the maintenance of a large collection of insects. He now
found time to return to the study of his favorite order, the Cole
optera, and commenced to publish papers which in quality are
certainly above the average work done in descriptive entomology.
But he enjoyed this most happy period of his life only for a short
time, and on May 3, 1897, he died suddenly of heart failure.
After years of toil for others, he was just entering upon systematic
work for himself, when death came. The last few papers illus
trate his rare ability and judgment as a systematist, and had his
life been spared he would doubtless have soon stood well up in
the ranks of the world's Coleopterists.

Mr. Linell was not only well versed in the broad field of gen
eral science, but was also remarkably proficient in many European
languages. His knowledge of the Scandinavian languages was
freely given to many of his co-workers in science.

Personally, Mr. Linell was quiet and retiring ; absorbed in his
chosen field of Nature, he found little time for amusement or
society. He was wholly unselfish, and gave much to others, in
time, knowledge, and direct scientific work. So patient was he
that the daily routine of museum work was performed with a faith
fulness rarely equalled.

The posthumous paper printed below includes all of the un
published descriptions left by Mr. Linell and which were found

OF WASHINGTON. 179

upon his desk after his unfortunate and sudden demise. The
last description, that of Hyporhagus texanus, was completed
the Saturday preceding his death, which occurred on Monday,
May 3, 1897. E. A. S.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF MARTIN L. LINELL.

1. Note on Dytiscus. Entomologica Americana, vol. Ill, iSSS,

P 2 7-

2. Notes on some Coleoptera. Entomologica Americana, vol.

Ill, 1887, P- J 75-

3. The habits of Goes and Oncideres. Entomologica Americana,

vol. V, 1889, p. 39-40.

4. [Observations orf Megapenthes limbalis Herbst and M.

granulosus Melsh.] Proc. Entom. Soc. of Washington,
vol. II, No. i, 1891, p. 37.

5. [Report on a small collection of insects made during the

Death Valley Expedition. By C. V. Riley.] Order Cole
optera. North American Fauna, No. 7. The Death Valley
Expedition. Part II, Washington, 1893, pp. 239-243.*

6. Description of a new species of Golden Beetle \Plusiotis

Keithi n. sp.] from Costa Rica. Proc. U. S. Nat Mus.,
vol. XVIII. 1895, pp. 77-78.

7. List of Coleoptera collected on the Tana River and on the

Jombere Range, East Africa, by Mr. William Astor
Chanler and Lieutenant Ludwig von Hohnel, with descrip
tions of new genera and species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. XVIII, 1896, pp. 687-716.

S. A pod-inhabiting Longicorn found at the Columbian Expo
sition. By F. H. Chittenden and M. L. Linell. Proc. Ent.
Soc. Washington, vol. IV, No. i, 1896, pp. 42-43.

9. New species of North American Coleoptera of the family
Scarabaaidaa. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XVIII, 1896,
pp. 721-731.

10. Descriptions of new species of North American Coleoptera in

the families Cerambycida3 and Scarabaeidae. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. XIX, 1896, pp. 393-401.

1 1 . A short review of the Chrysomelas of North America. Journ.

New York Entomol. Soc., vol. IV, No. 4, 1896, pp. 196-
200.

*[The determinations are solely due to Mr. Linell, and only the tabular
arrangement was made by E. A. Schwarz. E. A. S.]

180 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

12. New genera and species of North American Curculionidae.

Journ. New York Entomol. Soc., vol. V, No. 2, 1897,
p. 49.

13. On the insects collected by Dr. Abbott on the Seychelles,

Aldabra, Glorioso, and Providence Islands, with descrip
tions of nine new species of Coleoptera. Pfoc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. XIX, 1897, pp. 695-706.

14. New species of Coleoptera of the family Chrysomelidse. with

a short review of the tribe Chlamydini. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. XX, 1897, pp. 473-485.*

15. A new nearly blind genus of Tenebrionidae. Entomol. News,

vol. VIII, 1897, pp. 154-156.

1 6. A new species of vEgialites [^. stejnegeri~\. Canad. En

tomol., vol. XXX, 1898, pp. 74~75-

17. On the Coleopterous Insects of Galapagos Islands. Proc.

U. S. Nat Mus., vol. XXI, 1898, pp. 249-268.

18. Descriptions of some new species of North American

Heteromerous Coleoptera. Proc. Entomol. Soc. of Wash
ington, vol. IV, No. 3, 1899, pp. 180-185.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERI
CAN HETEROMEROUS COLEOPTERA.

By MARTIN L. LINELL.
TENEBRIONIDAE.

Eusattus coqiiilletti, n. sp. Form and size of difficilis, Leconte. Oval,
convex, feebly shining. Hea'd finely punctate ; clypeus broadly emargi-
nate, rounded at the sides, margin narrowly reflexed. Thorax very broadly
emarginate at apex, straight at the middle of the emargination, the angles
very obtuse; sides finely margined, narrowly and feebly impressed along
the margin, broadly rounded and convergent before the middle, sub-
parallel behind the middle with the hind angles comparatively short and
obtuse, not at all everted ; disc alutaceous, sparsely and finely punctate.
Elytra at base slightly broader than thorax, without lateral margin, feebly
carinate ; surface alutaceous with small sparse submuricate granules.
Epipleurge gradually wider to base, sparsely punctate and hairy. Pro-
sternum sparsely punctate, the apex narrowly oval with distinct margin.
Abdomen sparsely punctate. Legs with sparse short setae.

* This and the following papers were published after the death of the
author. Two other papers treating on the insects collected by Dr. L.
Stejneger in the Bering Sea region are in the hands of the printer but
their titles cannot be given here.

OF WASHINGTON. 181

Length n to 11.5 mm. Width 6 mm.

Type No. 4168, U. S. N. M., nine examples from Los Angeles
County, California, collected by Mr. D. W. Coquillett.

This species superficially resembles dijfficilis^ Leconte, but the
latter has the apex of the prosternum simple, the thorax narrowed
from the base with much narrower, deeply emarginate apex and
the posterior angles longer, slightly erected and embracing the
sides of the humeri. Intercalated in Dr. Horn's synoptic table,
E. coquilletti takes its place next after politus, Horn, which has
the hind angles of thorax still more obtuse, the sides rounded
from the base and the apex nearly semicircularly emarginate.

Eleodes insular is , n. sp. First joint of anterior tarsi in the male with
a large dense brush of golden hairs at the apex beneath. Anterior femora
with a small acute tooth in the male, obtusely angulate in the female.
Elongate, black, feebly shining. Antennae robust, much longer than head
and thorax. Head with a smooth space on vertex, the front and epistoma
coarsely punctate. Thorax subquadrate, slightly narrower at apex than at
base ; sides finely margined, broadly and evenly rounded ; anterior angles
subacute, slightly prominent, posterior angles obtuse; disc moderately
convex, sparsely and finely punctate. Elytra at base not broader than the
base of thorax, gradually wider, widest at apical third, much broader in
the female, suddenly declivous posteriorly and slightly produced at apex;
disc moderately convex, slightly depressed along the suture in the female,
with regular distant series of fine punctures, the intervals very sparsely
and minutely punctulate. Legs long and slender, densely and strongly
submuricately punctate. Anterior femora with a distinct but obtuse tooth
in the male, subangulate in the female. Anterior tibiae with the spurs
subequal in both sexes. Tarsi with the spines ferruginous, the first joint
of the anterior pair in the male with a large dense brush of golden silky
hairs at the apex beneath.

Length 15 to 16 mm.

Type No. 4169, U. S. N. M. Thirty-five specimens from Sta.
Margarita Island, Lower California, collected by the " Albatross"
Expedition of iSSS. The species resembles somewhat E. quad-
ricollis, Eschscholtz, but the thorax is widest at base, and the
elytra are distinctly widest beyond the middle. All the specimens
are uniform in sculpture, without any tendency to muricate
punctuation. The unique sexual characters of the male require
a new subgenus between the Eleodes proper and Blapylis.

Coelocnemis rugosa, n. sp. Elongate, deep black, feebly shining : Thorax
very convex, broader than long; sides not angulate, broadly rounded
anteriorly, sinuate posteriorly ; hind angles rectangular ; disc densely and
strongly punctate, rugose at the sides. Elytra very convex, oval, widest
beyond the middle, abruptly declivous posteriorly, the apex oval, not
acuminate; disc densely punctate and transversely rugose, the serial

182 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

punctures somewhat larger and deeper. Ventral surface moderately
punctate, prosternum and base of ventral segments rugose. Femora
rugosely punctate, the posterior ones reaching the apex of elytra.

Length 19 mm.

Type No. 4170, U. S. N". M. Two examples, from Los
Angeles County, California, collected by Mr, D. W. Coquillett.

The species resembles in form C. dilaticollis, Mannerheim,
but is abundantly different by the thorax and elytra being strongly
convex and rugose.

Conibius rotundtcollts, n. sp. Robust, oblong, convex, smooth, piceous,
black, feebly shining. Head transverse, prominent at the sides before the
eyes, strongly punctate; epistoma broadly emarginate ; antennae very
robust, shorter than thorax, slightly incrassate to apex, third joint a little
longer than fourth. Thorax one-half broader than long; apex truncate
with the angles obtuse, sides scarcely depressed, strongly rounded, with
a fine reflexed margin, not fimbriate, posteriorly arcuate, without angles;
base broadly, feebly rounded ; disc rather finely and sparsely, at the sides
more coarsely and densely punctate, with a smooth median line. Elytra
ovate, widest one-fourth from the base; humeri margined, obtusely
rounded; surface distinctly alutaceous, with regular series of fine punc
tures, intervals entirely flat, with still finer irregularly scattered punctures.
Epipleura; broad, smooth. Abdomen polished, sparsely and finely punc-
tulate. Legs robust. Anterior tibiae strongly and gradually widened to
apex, convex above, flattened beneath, the outer apical angle slightly
obtuse, not at all rounded, the outer edge and hind surface denticulate.
Tarsi short, slender.

Length 4 mm. Type No. 4171, U. S. N. M.

One example from San Diego, Texas, collected (April 29,
1895) by Mr. E. A. Schwarz. This specimen is nearest allied
to Notibius gagates Horn, which is placed in the genus Conibius
by Capt. Casey, but the dilated anterior tibiae and rounded thorax
will require a new subgenus according to his arrangement.

Ancedus texanus, n. sp. Elongate oval, depressed, ferruginous, darker
above, sparsely clothed with rather long erect hairs. Antennae slender,
second joint short, third equal to fourth, last joint but slightly longer and
wider than the preceding one. Eyes large, separated by a little more than
their own width, viewed from above. Front very coarsely punctate at
the sides, smooth along the median line. Thorax twice as broad as long,
as wide as elytra at base, apex truncate with rounded angles ; sides strongly
rounded, subangulate at middle, sinuate behind, the margin feebly re-
flexed ; base broadly rounded at middle, feebly sinuate near the sides with
an impressed smooth fovea in front of the sinuation; hind angles rectan
gular, not prominent; disc feebly convex, very coarsely rather densely
punctate, the intervals polished. Elytra feebly shining, densely punctate,

OF WASHINGTON. 183

the punctures much smaller than those of thorax, with traces of smooth
intervals on the disc. Ventral surface and femora shining, sparsely and
finely punctulate. Tibiae straight, slender. Tarsi slender.

Length 7.5 mm. Type No. 4172, U. S. N. M.

One example from Brownsville, Texas, collected (June 9) by
Mr. E. A. Schwarz. The species differs from A. brunneus by
its much larger size, the long third antennal joint (in brunneus
scarcely longer than the second) and the wider thorax with less
acute hind angles. It is also very distinct from all the Mexican
species, described by Champion.

Platydema inquilimim, n. sp. Regularly elliptical, moderately convex,
entirely ferruginous, somewhat darker above, feebly shining. Prosternum
arcuate between the coxae, deflexed behind. Clypeus as long as two-thirds
the distance between the eyes in front, separated by a shallow impression,
which is transverse to near the eye, then angularly deflexed to the broadly
rounded side margin of the head ; front margin as broad as the distance be
tween the eyes ; surface convex, finely obsoletely punctulate. Front feebly
convex, more strongly and densely punctate. Antennae gradually thick
ened, subserrate, sparsely pubescent. Thorax relatively very long, evenly
convex; sides broadly rounded and convergent from the base, margin
narrowly reflexed ; posterior angles acutely prolonged, anterior angle rect
angular with rounded apex; base strongly bisinuate, distinctly margined
the whole length; basal impressions punctiform ; disc finely punctate,
densely at the sides, more sparsely at the middle and obsoletely on the
basal lobe. Scutellum broader than long, acute at apex, sparsely punctu
late. Elytra with striae of close-set fine punctures, the striae not at all im
pressed on the basal half but deeply so toward apex; intervals flat, con
vex at apex, sparsely, still more finely punctulate. Ventral surface finely
punctate. Legs finely pubescent and punctulate.

Length 4 mm. Type No. 4173, U. S. N. M.

Four examples, collected near Tucson, Arizona (Dec. 23) in
nests of a wood rat {Neotoma albigula} by Mr. H. G. Hubbard.
One example kindly presented to the National collection by
Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz.

Branchus opatroides Champion occurs in southern Texas.
It is very much smaller than B '. Jloridanus.

Genus Pyanisia Laporte de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. Col.,
II, 1840, p. 235. This genus is the only representative in the
New World of the tribe Amarygamides, which differs from
Meracanthides by the unarmed femora and the long metasternum*.
Two species have been found within the United States, P. opaca,
Solier, and P. tristis, Castelnau. The former has the base of the
thorax broadly rounded, the latter strongly bisinuate. P. tristis

184 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

was collected at Brownsville, Texas, by Prof. C. H. T. Town-
send.

CISTELID^E.

Genus Charisius Champion. (Biol. Cent.-Amer. Ins. Coleopt,
vol. IV, Pt. i, p. 421). A genus of Cistelidae having the an
terior and intermediate tarsi with the third and fourth joints and
the posterior with penultimate joint broadly lobed, prosternum
obliquely sloping in front, body glabrous, winged, thorax narrow
with a transverse basal groove, mandible slightly bifid. It should
take its place in our list between Allecula and Hymenorus.

isius floridanus, n. sp. Elongate, subparallel, convex, shining
reddish brown. Head rather sparsely, somewhat coarsely punctate.
Thorax as long as broad, sparsely, somewhat coarsely, unevenly punctate,
sides rounded in front, subsinuate before the straight hind angles, disc
obsoletely canaliculate, basal foveae shallow. Elytra parallel for two-
thirds the length ; striae deeply impressed, except at base, coarsely punc
tate ; the sutural stria not different from the others ; intervals convex,
very finely alutaceous with a single row of fine punctures ; epipleura at
basal half with a row of coarse punctures. Thorax beneath finely and
sparsely punctate along the middle, coarsely but sparsely on the sides,
metasternum with a shallow canaliculation behind; abdomen finely obso
letely punctulate. Male : anterior tibiae simple, anterior tarsi with basal
joints lobed; fifth ventral segment flattened. Last ventral seginent with
the lateral lobes curved and spoon-shaped, the central sheath curved and
with rounded apical margin.

Length 7 mm. One example from Cocoanut Grove, Fla.
Type No. 4174, U. S N. M.

Very closely allied to C. inter stitialis^ Champion, from Jalapa,
Mexico, but the male has not the central sheath of the last ventral
acuminate as in that species.

MONOMMID^E.

Hyporhagus texanns, n. sp. Elliptical, convex, black, moderately shin
ing; anterior and lateral margins of the thorax ferruginous. Thorax
nearly twice as wide as Jong, feebly shining; apex subtruncate, three-
fifths as wide as the base; sides distinctly arcuate from the base, margin
thin, but strongly reflexed at middle; posterior angles acute; disc convex
at middle, broadly depressed towards the sides except at the base, densely
and finely, in the depression more coarsely and rugosely, punctate. Scu-
tellum triangular, smooth. Elytra with rows of punctures that are finer
a*nd more distant but still very distinct nearer the suture, larger and
rounded on the middle, the outer striae finely carinate; intervals finely and
sparsely punctulate; surface more shining along the middle. Ventral
surface piceous, shining, sparsely punctate along the middle, strigose at

OF WASHINGTON. 185

the sides, last four ventral segments finely and densely punctulate.
Emargination of mesosternum in front broad and shallow. Anterior tarsi
of male with two joints dilated, the basal joint with dense golden pubes
cence, the next two with brownish pubescence beneath.

Length 5 to 6 mm. Six examples collected in decaying Opuntia
cngelmanni at San Diego, Texas, by Mr. E. A. Scbwarz. Type
No. 4175, U. S. N. M.

This species is easily distinguishable from the previously de
scribed species by the very short thorax with arcuate sides, the
carinate lateral striaB and the sexual characters.

Under the head of " Short Notes and Exhibition of Speci
mens," Mr. Fernow referred to the recent increase of pin-holes in
timber from the Southern States. The insect producing the damage
is probably some Ptinid beetle, but there is a possibility that it may
be a Scolytid. He expressed the hope that it would prove to be
the latter, since then its ravages may be met. If it turns out t
be a Ptinid, however, there is little hope of a remedy unless it
should be ascertained that deadening the trees at another season
than that now employed will prove efficacious in preventing dam
age. He pointed out the interesting fact that the rapidly growing
interest in forest management in the United States will, no doubt,
afford careers for future economic entomologists.

Mr. Schwarz stated that pin-holes, so called, are caused either
by Ptinids or by inside feeding Scolytids, and spoke somewhat at
length on the habits of these groups. He showed further that
damage by beetles of the genus Lyctus is becoming vastly more
common than it was even a few years ago, and that he is at a loss
to account for this increase, unless there has been some change in
the method of drying timber.

Dr. Smith showed Beijerinck's recently published paper on
the " Cecidio-genesis and alternation of genera of Cynips calrcis"
and briefly reviewed the work.

Apropos to this paper, Mr. Ash mead recalled the fact that alter
nation of generations had already been established in this country
in the case of a species of the genus Callirhytis, namely, by Dr.
Riley with'C. operator.* Mr. Fernow referred to the fact that

* Vide Science, 1895, p. 6, reprint, April 26.

186 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Cynips calicis occurred originally only in the Mediterranean re
gion, and queried how it could have reached the Netherlands.
He was answered simultaneously by Messrs. Schwarz and Howard
that it was obviously a commercial importation in the galls. Mr.
Ash mead referred to the fact that European Cynipids do not attack
the imported American oaks in the Kew Gardens, London.

Mr. Schwarz exhibited specimens of Phodago alticeps Lee.,
hitherto considered a rather rare blister beetle, but which has been
found by Mr. Hubbard to be extremely common in the desert
region along the Gila River. He read the following extract from
a letter received from Mr. Hubbard and dated Tucson, Ar., April
15, 1897:

HABITS OF PHODAGA ALTICEPS LEG.
By H. G. HUBBARD.

. . . Over the burning sand on the low hills at Tacna on the
lower Gila River there ran from time to time specimens of a
strange black Meloid, Phodaga alticeps. This insect is most
remarkable in its habits. It does not fly at all, although the
wings are large and well developed and the wing-cases are as
thin as tissue paper. The creature has long legs and runs about
actively visiting the scattered patches of small flowering plants
and sucking the nectar from such of the flowers as it can reach
without leaving the ground. When pursued the beetle raises at
once its thin and concave elytra and spreads its transparent under-
wings and speeds away like a little ship with black sails set wing
and wing. I thought at first that it did this to assist its long legs
in getting over the ground more rapidly by the aid of the wind,
but I found that the real object is to uncover some bright orange-
colored scent glands at each abdominal joint. These scent
glands it has the power of protruding or concealing at will,
exactly as in the Malachiidas. The living insects when captured
thus have the uncovered abdomen brightly maculate with orange
at each suture along the sides. But when dead these spots
entirely disappear and the abdomen becomes uniformly black
again.

I gathered a large series of this species although it was hot
work chasing them over the burning hillside at a temperature
of 120 at noonday. They were not very alert, however, and
were not difficult to capture, as they seem to rely upon the pro
tection of their scent glands. I did not perceive any strong odor
and suppose it is rather a repellant taste on which they rely. I
found them only on this one hillside on the north of the Gila

OF WASHINGTON. 187

River, although I saw a few on the desert mesa, between the river
and the railroad station at Tacna.

Mr. Howard said that the orange color shown in this way was
plainly a warning color, indicating the nauseous character of the
insect, to which Mr. Schwarz replied that he had seen seventeen
Meloid beetles taken from a single bird stomach, which was sub
mitted to him some time since by Dr. Merriam. Mr. Ashmead
considered that the red markings might, in reality, be protective
in connection with the character of the surroundings.

- Mr. Schwarz exhibited and remarked upon two species of
Coleoptera recently discovered by Mr. H. G. Hubbard in the
southwestern portion of the United States, and which represent
two genera new to our fauna. The first is Cylidrella moll is
Sharp, an extremely slender form of the family Trogositidae (allied
to Nemosoma) which was bred at Washington, D. C.,from apiece
of solid wood of Parkinsonia torreyana and which was infested
by an undescribed Scolytid (Hylocorus parkinsonice Schwarz,
MS.). There can be no doubt that the Cylidrella is parasitic on
this Scolytid. Several specimens were bred from the Parkinsonia
wood which was cut out by Mr. Hubbard from a tree in the Indian
reservation at Yuma, Arizona, and although not one of the speci
mens agrees in coloration with the unique type described by Dr.
Sharp from Guatemala, there is very little doubt about the specific
identity. The second species is a Latheticus (family Tenebrion-
idae, tribe Ulomini), undoubtedly distinct from the only known spe
cies of this genus, L. or y zee Waterhouse, which has been found in
rice brought to England from India. This new species was found
by Mr. Hubbard under burned bark of the Mesquite (Prosopis
juliflora} at Indio in the Colorado desert of southeastern Califor
nia. The occurrence of a second species of this genus at a locality
so remote from the original habitat of the type species is certainly
remarkable.

In discussion, Mr. Ashmead asked as to our previous knowledge
of the habits of Cylidrella. Mr. Schwarz replied that the Biolo-
gia Centrali Americana, in which the genus was described, is not
exceeded by any other work in the paucity of statements regarding
habits of the insects. He considered the name " Biologia " a

188

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

misnomer. Mr. Pratt remarked that the collectors for Messrs.
Godman and Salvin had no time to study habits, since they were
told simply to collect as much material as possible.
Mr. Banks presented the following paper :

SOME SPIDERS FROM NORTHERN LOUISIANA.
By NATHAN BANKS.

During the summer of 1891 I gathered a small collection of
spiders from the vicinity of Shreveport, Louisiana. Although
there are few peculiar or strange species in the collection, still it
is of some interest, as so little is at present known of the distribu
tion of our spiders. Yet there are several uncommon species, at
least uncommon to one acquainted chiefly with more northern
forms. Such are the Prodidomus rufus, Tetragonophthalma
dubia, Acartauchcnius texana, and Thargalia aurata. Two
species quite rare in the North are Histiagonia rostrata and
Ballus youngi.

About 127 species are recorded in this list, distributed in
twenty-one families. The collection is representative of the
southern Mississippi Valley fauna. This differs from the South
Atlantic fauna in having some southwestern species. Seven
species appear to be nsw and are here described ; a few others,
principally in the Lycosidse, may prove to be new when the
southern forms of this family are better known.

THERAPHOSID^E.
Eurypelma hentzi Girard.

SCYTODID^:.
Loxosceles rufipes Duf.

FlLISTATIDyE.

Filistata hibernalis Hentz.

DYSDERID^E.
Ariadne bicolor Hentz.

Thalamia parietalis Hentz.

PHOLCIDyE.

Pholcus phalangoides Fuess.
Spermophora meridionalis Hentz.

PRODIDOMIDyK.

Prodidomus rufus Hentz.

DRASSID^E.

Gnaphosa sericata Koch.
Drassns bicolor Htz.
Cesonia bilineata Htz.
Prosthesima depressa Em.
Prosthesima atra Htz.
Megamyrmecion lepidium n. sp.

CLUBIONID^E.
Clubiona obesa Hentz.
Clubiona abboti Koch.
Chiracanthium inclusa Hentz.
Anyphaena gracilis Hentz.
Anyphsena decepta n. sp.
Gajenna parvula n. sp.
Phrurolithus alarius Hentz.
Thargalia ornata Hentz.
Thargalia aurata Hentz.
Thargalia sp.

OF WASHINGTON.

189

AGALENID^E.
Agalena naevia Hentz.
Tegenaria sp.

DlCTYNIDyE.

Dictyna sublata Hentz.
Neophanes pallidus Marx.

THERIDIID^E.

Theridium tepidariorum Koch.
Theridium murarium Em.
Theridium frondeum Hentz.
Theridium albidum Bks.
Theridium australis n. sp.
Theridium inornatum n. sp.
Theridula sphoerula Hentz.
Theridula quadripunctata Keys.
Steatoda borealis Hentz.
Teutana triangulosa Walck.
Lithjphantes fulvus Keys.
Lathrodectes mactans Koch.
Mysmena bulbifera Bks.
Histiagonia rostrata Em.
Ceratinella micropalpis Em.
Ceratinella emertoni Cambr.
Ceratinella laetabilis Cambr.
Ceratinopsis similis Bks.
Cornicularia sp. [near communis.]
Spiropalpis spiralis Em.
Lophocarenum crenatum Em.
Erigone autumnalis Em.
Tmeticus tridentatus Cambr.
Tmeticus parvus n. sp.
Acartauchenius texana n. sp.
Linyphia communis Hentz.
Floronia coccinea Hentz.
Bathyphantes anglicanum Hentz.
Bathyphantes formica Em.

MlMETID^E.

Mimetus interfector Hentz.

EPEIRID^E.

Acrosoma rugosa Hentz.
Mahadeva verrucosa Hentz.
Epeira strix Hentz.
Epeira domiciliorum Hentz.

Epeira trivittata Keys.
Epeira vulgaris Hentz.

R. volucripes Keys.
Epeira prompta Hentz.

E. parvula Keys.
Epeira bombycinaria Hentz.
Epeira insularis Hentz.
Epeira labyrinthea Hentz.
Epeira displicata Hentz.
Epeira foliata Hentz.
Epeira infumata Hentz.
Plectana stellata Hentz.
Abbotia gibberosa Hentz.
Abbotia placida Hentz.
Cyclosa conica Pall.
Argiope riparia Hentz.
Argiope trans versa Em.
Argyroepeira hortorum Hentz.

TETRAGNATHID^E.
Tetragnatha grallator Hentz.
Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz.

ULOBORID^E.
Uloborus plumipes Lucas.

THOMISID^E.
Xysticus gulosus Keys.
Xysticus maculatus Keys.
Synema parvula Hentz.
Misumena spinosa Keys.
Misumena oblonija Keys.
Runcinia aleatoria Hentz.
Philodromus vulgaris Hentz. t
Philodromus imbecillus Keys.

LYCOSID^E.

Lycosa scutulata Hentz.
Lycosa ocreata Hentz.
Lycosa carolinensis Hentz.
Lycosa riparia Hentz.
Lycosa sp ?

Trochosa cinerea Fabr.
Trochosa sp?
Pardosa milvina Hentz.
Pardosa sp? [near saxatilis.]
Pardosa sp? [near milvina. |
Pardosa sp? [young.]

190

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Aulonia funerea Hentz.
Ocyale undata Hentz.

OXYOPID^E.

Oxyopes salticus Hentz.
Peucetia viridans Hentz.

PODOPHTHALMID^E.

Tetragonophthalma dubia Hentz.

ATTID^E.
Phidippus audax Hentz.

P. tripunctatus Hentz.
Phidippus rufus Hentz.
Phidippus insolens Hentz.
Phileeus multicolor Hentz.
Philaeus rimator Hentz.

Dendryphantes octavus Hentz
Dendryphantes nubilus Hentz.
Dendryphantes retarius Hentz.
Icius mitratus Hentz.
Astia vittata Hentz.
Cyrba tseniola Hentz.
Marptusa familiaris Hentz.
Admestina tibialis Koch.
Saitis pulex Hentz,
Habrocestum ccecatum Hentz.
Habrocestum cristatum Hentz.
Ballus youngi Peck.
Zygoballus parvus Hentz.
Zygoballus sexpunctatus Hentz.
Homalattus cyaneus Hentz.
Synemosyna scorpiona Hentz.
Salticus albocinctus Koch.

NEW SPECIES.

Megamyrmecion lepidum, n. sp.

Length 9 4-6 mm.; ceph. 1.8 mm. long, i.i mm. wide; pat. plus tibia
IV 2. Cephalothorax uniform reddish, eyes partly surrounded with black ;
abdomen pale grayish, with a central darker stripe which covers the whole
of the tip of the abdomen and is expanded on each side somewhat before
the middle to surround an impressed dot; legs reddish, the patella and
tibia I blackish ; mouth-parts and sternum reddish, the latter with a
brownish edge ; venter gray, darker near tip ; spinnerets pale, surrounded
by a brown line ; epigynum dark red-brown. Ceph. very narrow in front;
eyes close together, the P. M. E. larger than the others and oval in shape,
not half their diameter apart, closer to the P. S. E. than to each other;
A. M. E. about half their diameter apart, and closer to the A. S. E. than
to each other. Sternum a regular oval ; fourth pair of legs the longest,
the scopulas nearly absent, no spines beneath on tibia I, and none above
on tibia IV. Abdomen depressed, about twice as long as wide. The
epigynum shows an area longer than broad, truncate in front, rounded
behind, containing a median cavity which is nearly filled by two spatulate
bodies that project beyond the posterior margin of the cavity.

One example, Shreveport, La. Readily separated from the
California!! species by its smaller size, marked body, different
epigynum, etc.

Anyphaena decepta, n. sp.

Length 9 6-7 mm. Cephalothorax yellowish, clypeus and mandibles
reddish brown or blackish ; legs pale, darker near tips ; sternum pale ;

OF WASHINGTON. 191

abdomen whitish or grayish, sometimes with a basal spear-shaped mark.
Posterior eye-row procurved and longer than the anterior row, which is
straight; A. M. E. about as large as A. S. E. Legs 4, 1,2,3; tibia IV no
longer than tibia I, but the metatarsus IV much longer than that of leg I ;
spined most numerously toward the tips. Ventral furrow three times as
far from spinnerets as from the epigynum ; the latter shows a large
rounded depression, broader than long, open and with divaricate edges
behind, a little median cavity near the front part of depression.

Several specimens from Shreveport, La., and Brazos County,
Texas. Readily distinguished from A. fallens Htz. by the
absence of markings.

Gayenna parvula, n. sp.

Length 9 5 mm. Cephalothorax yellowish, darker on the head; man
dibles and lip dark brown or black ; sternum yellowish ; legs pale, un
spotted ; abdomen brownish or dark grayish, in one specimen with a few
indistinct spots. Head quite broad, low ; mandibles prominent ; A. M. E.
smaller than A. S. E.; P.M. E. about twice their diameter apart; sternum
once and a third longer than broad, truncate in front, broadest at second
coxre; legs moderately short, 4, i, 2,3; abdomen about twice as long as
broad ; ventral furrow nearer to the spinnerets than to the epigynum ; the
latter shows an area broader than long, trilobate behind, the side lobes
pointed, the middle one larger and round, and from under each end of
which there projects a dark line or ridge backward and outward.

Four examples from Shreveport, La., Kissimmee, Fla., and
Washington, D. C.

Theridium australis, n. sp.

Length 9 2.6 mm., femur I 1.6 mm. Both dark and light specimens
occur, dark ones with a reddish, light ones with a yellow cephalothorax,
in both the head has a very distinct black spot extending down on the
clypeus and usually a little pointed behind, the legs are yellowish without
bands; the sternum reddish or yellowish; the abdomen gray with the
serrated light stripe bordered with blackish which at each end is expanded
into a large spot. Sometimes the stripe is nearly absent, but the large
black spots, two above the spinnerets and one each side near base, remain
very distinct. The cephalothorax is quite broad, much narrowed in front;
the abdomen is sub-globose, and much more hairy than in the related
species ; the epigynum shows as a nearly straight transverse ridge, each
end recurved in a small circle, in front are two long, rather slender,
slightly curved dark marks.

Several specimens from Shreveport, La.

192 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Theridium inornatum, n. sp.

Length $ i mm. Cephalothorax, legs and sternum yellowish, slightly
blackish about the eyes; abdomen grayish. Similar to T. unimaculatum,
but not one-half as large, without any black spot above or around the
spinnerets. Leg I is long and large as in T. unimaculatum ; the femur is
much longer than the cephalothorax, and the tibia is longer than the meta
tarsus. The male palpus is truncate at tip with a large, stout, sharp-
pointed projection from the outer corner, it is nearly as long as the width
of the tarsus; the bulb is quite simple, it shows the outline of a curved
tube, the style is short, stout and straight, with two curved pieces near by.

One from Shreveport, La., and one from Kissimmee, Fla.

Tmeticus parvus, n. sp.

Length $ i.i mm. Cephalothorax, mandibles and legs pale yellowish,
eyes on black spots ; sternum a little darker; abdomen grayish. Cephalo
thorax rather broad, head not much narrowed, but little elevated. Pos
terior eye-row straight, P. M. E. less than their diameter apart, rather
closer to the nearly equal P. S. E. ; A. M. E. smaller, hardly their diam
eter apart, about as far from the rather larger A. S. E. ; mandibles stout,
vertical, two teeth on front of each; sternum triangular, about as broad
as long, truncate in front, narrowly projecting between the hind coxae
behind ; legs quite long, tibia plus patella IV rather longer than the ceph
alothorax, no spines above on tibiae; abdomen small, hardly longer and
no wider than the cephalothorax, rather depressed, pointed at the tip.
Male palpi quite long, the tibia is considerably enlarged at tip and has
several broad projections at the tip. a triangular one projecting above the
tarsus, and one on each side, with a smaller one below; the hook of
palpus is rather narrow, there is an indentation on the upper edge near
the tip, which latter is nearly circular beyond. There is a large dark oval
body at base of bulb from the side of which arises the style, which curves
toward the tip and then outside of the tarsus, where its tip rests in a hya
line sheath, below the latter is a triangular dark body ; near tip of the bulb
and just below the upper part of the style are two sharp-pointed dark
teeth, rather close together and nearly equal in size.

One male, Shreveport, La.
Acartauchenius texana, n. sp.

Length ^ 2 mm. ; 9 2 -5 mm - Cephalothorax yellowish or reddish,
eyes with black rings; legs whitish or yellowish; abdomen whitish with
a central black stripe and several apical black chevrons ; sternum yellowish
or reddish with a dark edge; venter pale; sides of abdomen are some
times dark. The head of the tf is elevated and tipped with several strong
black hairs ; the elevation bears the P. M. E. near its base, they are very
remote from the smaller A. M. E., from which the head slopes back to the
top of the elevation. The mandibles are of moderate size and vertical;

OF WASHINGTON. 193

the sternum is about as broad as long, and pointed between the hind coxae ;
the legs are of moderate length, clothed with fine hair, and some long
bristles; the abdomen is nearly twice as long as broad, rather convex
above, rounded at base. The epigynum shows two oval dark cavities
about their diameter apart, from the inner end of which extends a dark
line backward and outward. The male palpus has the tibiae short with a
small sharp-pointed projection at tip above; the bulb is crossed obliquely
by two prominent dark tubes; the slender style projects beyond the
tarsus and then curves backward for a ways ; in a side view the middle
portion of the bulb projects much more than other parts ; the tarsus is
short, and seen from above rather triangular in outline.

Several specimens from Shreveport, La., Holly Springs, Miss.,
and Brazos Co., Texas.

Mr. Ashmead asked as to the comparative richness of the spider
fauna of that region. Mr. Banks replied in general terms show
ing that the Attidae, for example, are more numerous in species
in the south than in the north. He believes that 400 species
could be collected in time in such a locality as Shreveport. He
had collected 300 species in the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y., but in
northern localities there are many of the minute rock-inhabiting
forms which are absent in the south.

Mr. Schwarz spoke of the inequality in faunistic value of dif
ferent groups of insects, instancing especially the comparatively
slight value which the order Diptera seems to possess in this re
spect, and asked Mr. Banks' opinion of the value of the spiders.
Mr. Banks replied that, in his opinion, the spiders are one of
the best groups for the study of geographical distribution. They
are wingless and cannot pass natural barriers. He spoke in gen
eral of the geographical distribution of the spiders of the United
States, showing that the regions mapped by Dr. Merriam are, in
the main, substantiated by this group. Mr. Ashmead said that
while theoretically the spiders should be definitely restricted in
distribution, practically he knew of so many wide-spread species
that he doubted the very great faunistic value of the group. He
referred to the possibility of the gossamer spiders being carried
for very long distances by the wind, and Mr. Schwarz also stated
that spiders are especially apt to be distributed by the hand ot
man. Mr. Schwarz further said that on his return to Washing
ton from Texas various spiders were found in his trunk, and asked

194 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Mr. Banks whether these were Texas species and would intro
duce a new element into the spider fauna of the District of Co
lumbia. Mr. Banks replied that they were probably species which
were already wide-spread, since this is the case with nearly all
species of spiders which inhabit houses.

Dr. Gill spoke at length on the subject of the relative value of
different groups of animals from the faunistic standpoint. He
showed that we must consider the problem not only from the
morphological but also from the paleontological standpoint and
illustrated this point in a somewhat detailed consideration of some
of the striking features of the vertebrate faunas of South America.
Africa and India, deducing from this consideration the conclusion
that the primitive faunas of South America and Africa were de
rived from the same common source, while the forms common to
or similar to each other in Africa and India were derived from a
common source at a later period. This means that South Amer
ica and Africa were connected at an early period and that the
connection between Africa and India was made at a comparatively
recent date. He contended that the fresh-water fishes are the
best group for the study of questions of geographical distribution,
largely on account of their necessary restriction to the bodies of
water which they inhabit. He showed that while the mollusks
in particular, and also the insects, have changed comparatively
little since relatively early geological times, the mammals have
changed very greatly and the fishes occupy in this respect a posi
tion intermediate between the mollusks and insects on the one
hand and mammals on the other.

Mr. Banks stated, that, in his opinion, water forms are not as
good as land forms for the study of geographical distribution ; at
all events this is the case with aquatic insects and arachnids.
Fishes are bv no means so limited in their distribution as land
forms.

Mr. Marlatt spoke of the extraordinary distribution of Bryobia
pratensis, which occurs from New England to California, and is
known in the mountains of Montana at an elevation of 7,000 or
S,ooo feet, remote from civilization, and also in the Southern
States. What is probably the same species also occurs in Europe
and in Australia. He considered this one of the most extraordi-
narv instances of distribution known. Mr. Banks thought that

OF WASHINGTON. 195

this species was simply an ordinary cosmopolite and showed that
a number of other mites which he especially mentioned are also
practically cosmopolitan. Mr. Howard called attention to the
fact that this clover mite is peculiarly adapted to a commercial
distribution. It may and probably has been carried commercially
on nursery stock all over the world, while from the habits of the
adults in crawling great distances in search of hibernating quar
ters it may be carried on anything coming from the household,
or even upon the bodies of animals. Mr. Marlatt said that the
occurrence of this insect upon cultivated trees and in households
had only recently been recognized, and that its wide distribution
was probably of very early occurrence. Mr. Schwarz stated that
the occurrence of this Bryobia on very high mountains is very re
markable. Mr. Hubbard and himself have found it during the
month of June in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, at an eleva
tion of from 10,000 to 1 1 ,000 feet. The eggs occurred in such
quantities under stones between the snow fields that they could
be scraped up by quarts.

The next paper, which was presented by Mr. Schwarz,
was entitled :

NOTE ON THE CEDRELA PSYLLIDS (GENUS FREYSUILA

ALEMAN).

By E. A. SCHWARZ.

Many years ago, the late Dr. Eugene Duges, of Guanajuato,
Mex., sent to the lamented Dr. C. V. Riley some badly pre
served specimens of a remarkable Psyllid, with the statement that
this insect was greatly injurious to Cedrela trees.* They were
then considered as belonging to an undescribed genus and species.
What appears to be the same species was sent some years later by
Dr. A. Ernst, from Caracas, Venezuela, and by Mr. F. W.
Urich, from the island of Trinidad, W. I., the species being in
either case marked as being injurious to Cedrela trees. Finally,
in 1896, Dr. Alfred Duges, of Guanajuato, Mex., forwarded ad
ditional specimens to Dr. L. O. Howard, with the statement that
this Psyllid had been described by Dr. J. Aleman, under the name
of Frey-Suila dugesii.

* Cedrela belongs to the family Sterculiaceae. The wood of C. odorata
(and perhaps also of other species of the same genus) has of late years ac
quired considerable economic importance, and it is stated that it is never
attacked by any insect, not even the termites,

196 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Dr. Aleman's account and descriptions extend over several
pages in La Naturaleza, but are far from being satisfactory.
In his descriptions he gives only characters common to all
Psyllids, but the genus is recognizable from the rough figures.

I give herewith a more detailed description of this remarkable
genus, for which the name proposed by Aleman has to be re
tained with a slight change.

GENUS FREYSUILA ALEMAN.
Frey-Suila Aleman, La Naturaleza (2) i, No. i, 1887, pp. 21-26, tab. III.

Body robust. Vertex transverse, broadly excavated longitudinally along
the median line, its front margin triangularly notched at middle, greatly
elevated and obliquely truncate on each side of the excision ; eyes large,
prominent, the tempora well developed behind them; anterior ocellus not
visible from above ; frontal processes absent and represented on the under
side of the head by a protuberance on each side beneath the antennal base
and in front of the large knob-shaped clypeus. Antennae unusuallj' long;
first two joints short and thick as usual, third joint extremely long, much
wider than the following joints, densely asperate and densely pubescent,
slightly tapering at apical portion, joints 4 and the following very thin and
slender.

Pronotum and dorsulum greatly ascending posteriorly, the former
slightly emarginate behind, lateral impressions shallow and confluent ;
dorsulum transverse, anterior margin hardly less convex than the posterior
margin.

Elytra hyaline, membranaceous, elongate-oval, gently widening from
base to apical third, apex broadly and regularly rounded: cubitus as long
as, or slightly shorter than, discoidal part of subcosta ; a distinct ptero-
stigma, stem of second fork not parallel with radius; tip of wing at the
termination of the 4th furcal or close to it within the second marginal cell ;
legs extremely long and slender, tibiae not dentate at base, tarsi normal ;
genital plate of male without lateral appendage, genital segment of female
short.

The genus is readily known by the form of the antennae and
the very long legs. The front margin of the head recalls that of
Homotoma (Psyllinae) and Rhinopsylla (Triozinas), but in both
of these genera the vertex is more or less flattened. Freysuila is
difficult to place in Dr. Fr. Loew's arrangement of the subfamilies
of Psyllidae, but if we adopt his system the genus can only be
placed among the Aphalarinae. However, this subfamily is very
badly defined, and is either not separable from the Psyllinae, or an
entirely new arrangement of the genera has to take place. At
any rate the genus differs from all genera placed among the Apha
larinae by the great length and slenderness of the antennae and
the remarkable development of the third antennal joint.

OF WASHINGTON. 197

The type of the genus is F. dugesii Ale man described from
Guanajuato, Mexico ; two other forms, which are either strongly
marked varieties, or closely allied species, are known from Caracas,
Venezuela, and Trinidad, West Indies. These three forms may
be distinguished as follows :

Third antennal joint at most twice the length of the fourth, either entirely
ochreous or pale only at base. Head and thorax without definite black
markings.

Third antennal joint almost twice as long as the fourth; fore-wings
narrower, more narrowly rounded at apex; fourth furcal running

into the tip of the wing (Guanajuato, Mex.) dugesii Aleman.

Third antennal joint only one-third longer than the fourth ; fore-
wings wider, broadly rounded at apex ; tip of wing within the 2d

marginal cell (Caracas, Venezuela) var. ernstii Schwarz.

Third antennal joint at least two and one-half times longer than the fourth.
Head and thorax with well defined black markings ; fore-wings broadly
rounded at apex: fourth furcal running into the tip of the wing; third
antennal joint black (Trinidad, West Indies) var. cedrelce Schwarz.

In discussing this paper Mr. Ashmead stated that the very re
markable antennas of Freysuila, which resembled in fact those of
the saw-fly genus Xyela, would warrant the erection by Mr.
Schwarz of at least a new tribe.

Some discussion ensued between Messrs. Gill, Ashmead, and
Schwarz as to the advisability of forcing a form like this into the
dichotomous table in preference to putting it aside and forming a
new group. The discussion took a general turn, and Messrs.
Gill and Ashmead favored the last view and Mr. Schwarz the
former.

JUNE 17, 1897.

President Marlatt in the chair and Messrs. Gill, Benton, Motter,
Pratt, Waite, Chittenden, Ashmead, Schwarz, Patten, Howard,
Heidemann, Fernow, Hine, and Matthis also present.

Mr. Schwarz exhibited specimens of a probable new species of
the genus Telegeusis Horn (family Drilida?) , collected by Mr. Hub-
bard at the Hot Springs (southwestern foot of Galiuro Mts.),
Arizona, and spoke at some length of the remarkable palpi pos
sessed by this genus. Mr. Ashmead asked why the palpi in
certain genera in many groups are so prolonged. He noted a

198 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

new genus of Braconidae, which he had recently discovered,
which possessed very long palpi. Such genera seemed to occur
in special number in certain regions of the West, and he instanced
several which he had seen from Colorado. Mr. Schwarz replied
that in Telegeusis the character occurs most probably only in the

ale, and that these long palpi have a sensitive function. The

male is unknown, and probably larviform. The modification of
< ,e terminal joint of the palpi into a long organ occurs in many
f enera, and is difficult to explain.

Mr. Marlatt, apropos to the remark made by Mr. Ash-
mead at the last meeting concerning the absence of oak galls
on the American oaks in the Kew Gardens, stated that it
would be interesting to know whether galls occur on the
European oaks in these same gardens, and that, as a matter
of fact, galls are rare in arboretum s or cultivated grounds, in
stancing the oak group on the grounds of the Department of
Agriculture. Wherever the ground is cared for and the leaves
carefully raked up and burned, oak galls will be scarce or ab
sent.

Mr. Ashmead said that he had found oak galls on the Smith
sonian Grounds, and Mr. Marlatt replied that the Smithsonian
Grounds are not so thoroughly cared for as those of the Depart
ment of Agriculture. Mr. Waite remarked that among the oaks
in the Department of Agriculture there are very few native
trees.

Mr. Howard presented a paper, of which the following is
an abstract : v

A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF LACHNOSTERNA.
By L. O. HOWARD.

(Author's abstract.)

The speaker exhibited two specimens of a Lachnosterna of the
fusca group ; one bore upon the thorax two groups of Dipterous
eggs, one group consisting of five oval eggs laid side by side to
the right of the median line, and the other group consisting of
four similar eggs, similarly placed, to the left of the median line.
The other specimen bore a cluster of seven such eggs to the left
of the median line. Each of these eggs was about i mm. long,
and of a light yellow-brown color. He had never seen similar
eggs upon a Lachnosterna, nor had his associates, Messrs.
Schwarz and Pergande, out of many thousands of specimens ex-

OF WASHINGTON. 199

amined. The two specimens in question were collected June 4th,
near Tannersville, New York, at an elevation of 2,500 feet. He
referred to a note by Dr. Lugger, on page 50, volume I of the
Proceedings of the Society, which recorded the oviposition of a
Tachina fly upon the hard body of Rhodobcemts ij-punctatus,
a bright-colored beetle which Dr. Lugger thought had been mis
taken for a caterpillar by the Tachina fly. He also referred to
the rearing of a fly of the genus Sarcophaga from a Carabid
beetle, Scariies subterrancus, by Mr. Chittenden, as noted at a
recent meeting of the Society. He further stated that, on one
occasion, a Tachinid had been reared at Washington from Lach-
nosterna inversa, specimens of which had been placed in a box
to get the eggs. The notes do not prove the parasitism, which
was, however, strongly suspected. Two cases are also recorded
in the notes in which Tachina flies have been bred from Lach-
nosterna larvae.

The case possesses interest not only on account of its rarity,
but on account of the fact that all of the Lachnosternas hide be
neath the surface of the ground during the day, whereas the
Tachina flies are exclusively day-flyers. Mr. Coquillett thinks
that the eggs, from their color, may not be those of a Tachinid,
but the speaker did not know what other insect to suspect.

Mr. Schwarz suggested that the peculiar fact brought out by
Mr. Howard that the Tachina flies are day-fliers and the Lach
nosternas night-fliers, might be modified since there is always a
possibility that we may have night-flying Tachinids or day-flying
Lachnosternas. Moreover, on account of the stony ground and
comparative absence of soil in the locality where these specimens
were collected, the beetles might not have been able to enter the
ground during the day and were thus exposed to the attacks of
Tachina flies ; further, since Tachinids have been reared from
Lachnosterna larvae, and since these larvas are always found at
a considerable distance below the surface of the ground, may not
the beetles carry the eggs to the vicinity of the larvas ? Further
he had noticed that the beetles when hiding by day under leaves,
etc , often assume an erect position, so that if any portion of the
body were exposed, or nearly exposed, it would be the head and
thorax. He emphasized the unusual character of the observation
by showing that he had collected adult Lachnosternas by the quart
during one season and had never seen such specimens as those
exhibited by Mr. Howard.

Mr. Ashmead presented the following paper :

200 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

ON THE GENERA OF THE CLEONYMID^E.
By WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD.

The Cleonymidce were first separated as a family by Francis
Walker, in 1837? kilt ne did not properly define the family or
really appreciate the structural characters that separate it from
allied groups, since of the ten genera recognized by him as be
longing to it, he included no less than five genera which belong
to the Encyrtidas (Eupelminae and Encyrtinaa) , and one of these,
Macroneura Walker, was based upon a male Eupelmus.

Still later, or in 1856, Dr. Arnold Forster recognized this
family under the name Cleonymoidce and defines five new genera,
viz., Tricoryphus, Heydenia, Plutothrix, and Tetracampe.

Forster correctly excluded from the family Stenocera Walker,
Calosoter Walker, and Ericydnus Haliday, but included three
other genera not included by Walker, namely, Trigonoderus
Westw., Platynocheilus W'estw., and Merostenus Walk.

Tricoryphus Forster is, as I have already shown, the wingless
female of Cerocephalus Westw., and it, as well as Plutothrix,
Tetracampe, and Platynocheilus, does not belong to the family,
the first named belonging to the S-palangiina, the others to the
Entedonidfe.

The family Cleonymidce, as now restricted, may be readily
distinguished by the large triangular mesepisternum, by having
either the anterior or posterior femora much swollen and some
times toothed, or both are swollen, with the hind femora dentate
or toothed beneath ; if the legs are slender, the hind pair are
very long, their coxae long, cylindrical, while the radius in the
front wing is very short and the postmarginal is very long, ex
tending to the apex of w r ing (Pelecinelld}.

The family comes very close to the Encyrtidce, and especially
to the subfamily Eupelmince, but the species may always be dis
tinguished from any in this family by the absence of a movable or
saltatorial middle tibial spur, the impressed mesopleura, the non-
impressed mesonotum, and usually by the much longer marginal
vein.

I have recognized four subfamilies, but one of these, the Colo-
trechnince, is, how r ever, provisional or supposititious, since it is
based upon Thomson's genus Colotrechnus, which is unknown
,to me, and may or may not belong here.

The following tables will aid the student in recognizing the
subfamilies and genera :

OF WASHINGTON. 201

FAMILY LXVI. CLEONYMID^E.
TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.

Mesonotal furrows not at all indicated 3

Mesonotal furrows more or less distinct.

Abdomen longlj petiolated 2

Abdomen sessile, or subpetiolate, never longly petiolate.

Posterior femora much swollen and usually toothed or
finely denticulate beneath (as \r\Chalcis, Smicra, &c.); ab
domen usually depressed, the ovipositor not exserted ; an
tennas at the most i i-jointed.. Subfamily I. Chalcedectina;.
Posterior femora not much swollen and very rarely toothed
beneath, the anterior femora usually more or less en
larged, sometimes very much swollen and often excised
or dentate beneath toward apex; ovipositor often, but not
always, exserted; antennae n-i^-jointed.

Subfamily II. Cleonyminae.

2. Body of abdomen strongly compressed, sword-shaped, ending in a long

ovipositor, the basal sheaths very broad ; all legs slender, the hind
pair very long, their coxse long, cylindrical ; front wings with the
marginal and postmarginal veins verf long, the latter extending to tip
of wing, the stigmal vein very small, subsessile; antennas u-jointed,
inserted close to the mouth Subfamily III. Pelecinellinas.

3. Abdomen subsessile, comprest^ed, conically produced toward apex;

front wings with the postmarginal and stigmal veins very short, the
knob of the latter nearly sessile, rounded; posterior tibiae com
pressed, the hind margin denticulate.

Subfamilv IV. Colotrechninae.

\
SUBFAMILY I. CHALCEDECTIN^E.

TABLE OF GENERA.

Hind femora much incrassated, minutely denticulate beneath 2

Hind femora much incrassated and armed beneath with large distinct
teeth.

Hind femora with several teeth, fourth segment the largest,

transversely striated or aciculated i. Chalcedectes Walk.

= Polychroma Westw.
= Polychromatium D. T.

Hind femora with three large teeth 2. Cleptimorpha Walk.

Hind femora with one large tooth towards apex, followed by
three or four smaller teeth 3. Chalcidiscelis* Ashm., n. g.

*Type Chalcidiscelis Koebelei Ashm. MS. from Australia.

202 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

2. Antennae lo-jointed 4. Amotura Cameron.

Antennae n-jointed.

Abdomen ovate or conic-ovate.

Abdomen not depressed, convex beneath, the fourth segment
longer than the third, the latter a little longer than the fifth ;
stigmal vein not short,; metathoracic spiracles reniform.

5. Agamerion Hal.

Abdomen depressed, flat above and beneath, the third and
fourth segments short, united shorter than the fifth ; stigmal
vein rather short; metathoracic spiracles oval.

6. Euchrysia Westwood.

SUBFAMILY II* CLEONYMIN^E.
TABLE OF GENERA.

Females,

Anterior femora less distinctly swollen and not excised dentate be
neath 6'

Anterior femora much swollen, or excised dentate beneath.

Pronotum not much narrowed and always wider than long 2

Pronotum much narrowed and lengthened, longer than wide.

Anterior femora greatly swollen but not excised dentate
beneath ; abdomen conically produced, but not much
longer than the head and thorax united.

7. Heydenia Forst.

Anterior femora much swollen, and excised dentate be
neath ; abdomen much elongated, conically produced.

8. Lycisca De Romand.

2. Eyes bare 5

Eyes pubescent.

Ovipositor very long 3

Ovipositor not prominent, at the most subexserted.

Abdomen conic-ovate or conically lengthened and strongly

carinated along the sides 9. Epistenia Westw.

= Dasyglenes Ashm.

Abdomen subrotund, oblong, or conic-ovate, the sides
rounded, not carinated.

Labrum inconspicuous, hidden 4

Labrum conspicuous.

Abdomen conic-ovate.. ..10. Cleonymus Latr.

Abdomen subrotund ; antennae i2-jointed, with

3 ring-joints n. Micradelus Walk.

3. Abdomen with the first and fifth segments the longest ; antennas n-

jointed v 12. Belonea Westw.

Abdomen with the first segment longer than the three following, the
third produced into a sharp triangular point at the middle ; antennae

9-jointed 13- Cameronella D. T.

= Panthalis Cameron

OF WASHINGTON. 203

4. Abdomen oblong or long-ovate; parapsidal furrows only slightly indi

cated anteriorly; fifth segment nearly as long as the first four ab
dominal segments united, the second and third together scarcely
longer than the fourth, the first and fourth subequal ; front wings
maculate 14. Ptinobius Ashm.

5. Wingless species.

Abdomen ovate, ending in a long ovipositor; antennae 13-

jointed, with 3 ring-joints 15. Cea Hal.

Winged species.

Abdomen as seen from above rotund, compressed or carinate be
neath.

Front wings hyaline, the stigmal vein hardly two-thirds
the length of the marginal and a little shorter than the
postmarginal ; metathorax with lateral folds, the spiracles

oval-elliptic .* .. 16. Tomicobia Ashm., n. g.

Abdomen conic-ovate, the segments subequal, the ovipositor not
exserted.

Front wings with two transverse bands or maculae ; pro-
notum transverse quadrate, narrowed medially; pedicel

not lengthened 17. Chiropachys Westw.

Front wings without bands or maculae; pronotum trans
verse quadrate, but not narrowed medially, and well
separated ; pedicel much lengthened.

18. Schizonotus Ratzb.

Abdomen conic-ovate or conical, the terminal segments tubular,
the ovipositor very long.

Last two abdominal segments very slender, tubular.

19. Thaumasura Westw.
Last five abdominal segments very slender, tubular.

20. Solenura Westw.

6. Mesothoracic furrows complete 7

Mesothoracic furrows incomplete, indicated only anteriorly.

Pronotum short, narrowed medially.

Marginal vein thickened, shorter than the postmarginal.

21. Zapachia Forst.
Marginal vein not thickened.

Abdomen conical, the segments after the first, which
is the longest, subequal.

Front wings with one transverse band, the

stigmal club large.... 22. Acrocormus Forst.

Front wings without a band, the stigmal club

small 23. Caudonia Walk.

Pronotum very long, narrowed anteriorly.

Abdomen ovate, shorter than the thorax, the segments
subequal, the middle tarsi incrassate.

24. Notanisus Walk.

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

7. Abdomen petiolate 8

Abdomen sessile.

Abdomen elongate, conically produced or acuminate at apex;
postmarginal vein well developed.

Scutellum with a transverse grooved line before tip; head
with rounded, convex cheeks.

Pronotum large, nearly quadrate.

25. Merostenus Walk.
(= Pterolytus Ratzb.)

Pronotum transverse 26. Trigonoderus Westw.

Pronotum very short, visible from above as a fine
transverse line.

Metanotum with a sharp median carina; an
tennae i3-jointed ; middle tibise normal.

27. Anoglyphis Forst.

Metanotum short; antennae 14-join ted ; mid
dle tibiae much lengthened.

28. Macromesus Walk.
Scutellum without a transverse grooved line before tip;

head triangular, narrowed anteriorly.
Middle tibiae not dilated at apex.

29. Platygerrhus Thorns.
Middle tibiae dilated at apex, their tarsi broad at

base 30. Pegopus Forst.

= Prosopon Walk.
Abdomen short, broadly oval, flat above, convex beneath.

Body entirely covered with rather dense white, scale-like
hairs; front wings bare with the postmarginal vein
wanting, the stigmal vein angularly bent and ending in a
small subrotund knob 31. Eutrichosoma Ashm. n. g.

8. Scutellum without a transverse grooved line before the tip.

32. Photismus Thorns.

Males.

Anterior femora less distinctly swollen and not excised dentate be
neath 5

Anterior femora much swollen or excised dentate beneath.

Pronotum not much narrowed, and always wider than long 2
Pronotum much narrowed and lengthened, longer than wide.

Front femora greatly swollen, but not excised dentate be
neath ; abdomen clavate, depressed. .7. Heydenia Forst.
Front femora much swollen, and excised dentate beneath.

8. Lycisca DeRomand.

2. Eyes bare 4

Eyes pubescent.

Abdomen carinate along the sides 9. Epistenia Westw.

OF WASHINGTON. 205

Abdomen not carinate along the sides, normal.

Labrum inconspicuous or hidden 3

Labrum conspicuous.

Metathorax with a median carina, the spiracles large,
oblong or oval; flagellum subclavate, densely
hairy, the joints of funicle wider than long.

10. Cleonymus Latr.

Metathorax without a median carina, the spiracles
small, rounded, flagellum long, filiform, densely
hairy, the joints of funicle long.

n. Micradelus Walk.

3. Front wings bifasciate or maculate.

Marginal vein slender, about twice as long as the stigmal ; pro-
notum not short, the metathorax with a median carina, the
head lenticular, much wider than thorax.

14. Ptinobius Ashm.

4. Front wings bifasciate.

Marginal vein not longer than the stigmal, the latter long,
strongly clavate ; pronotum short, transverse, slightly nar
rowed, the metathorax with a short median keel, the spiracles
elliptic, the head transverse; pedicel shorter than the first joint

of funicle 17. Chiropachys Westw.

Front wings hyaline, not fasciate.

Marginal vein longer than the stigmal, the latter not especially
long, ending in a small knob; pronotum large, subquadrate,
wejl separated 18. Schizonotus Ratzb.

5. Mesothoracic furrows complete 6

Mesothoracic furrows incomplete or indicated only anteriorly.

Pronotum short, narrowed medially.

Marginal vein thickened, shorter than the postmarginal.

21. Zapachia Forst.
Marginal vein usually not thickened.

Stigmal club very large Acrocormus Forst.

Stigmal club small 23. Caudonia Walk.

Pronotum long, narrowed anteriorly 24. Notanisus Walk.

6. Abdomen petiolate 8

Abdomen sessile.

Scutellum without a transverse grooved line before tip 7

Scutellum with a transverse grooved line before tip.

Pronotum large, nearly quadrate 25. Merostenus Walk.

= Pterolytus Ratzb.
Pronotum transverse, but still not very short.

26. Trigonoderus Westw.

Pronotum very short, visible from above as a fine trans
verse line.

206 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Metanotum not short, smooth, with a sharp median

carina; antennae 13-jointed.

27. Anogljphis Forst.
Metanotum very short, closely punctate; antennae

i4-jointed Macromesus Walk.

7. Postmarginal vein well developed; body not clothed with scale-like

hairs.

Middle tibiae not dilated at apex 29. Platygerrhus Thorns.

Middle tibiae dilated at apex, the tarsi much thickened at base.

30. Pegopus Forst.
= Prosopon Walk.

Postmarginal vein entirely wanting; body clothed with dense, scale-
like white hairs.

Metathorax very short, abrupt, without median carina; head
transverse, antero-posteriorly thin ; antennae i3-jointed, the
joints of funicle transverse, subpetiolate, pilose.

31. Eutrichosoma Ashm., n. g.

8. Scutellum without a transverse grooved line before tip.

32. Photismus Thorns.

SUBFAMILY III. PELECINELLIN^E.

This subfamily is represented by a single genus, Pelecinella
Westwood, readily recognized by the characters given in my table
of the subfamilies. See also my paper entitled " On the genus
Pelecinella Westwood, and its position among the Chalcididae."
Proc. Wash. Ent. Soc., vol. iii, pp. 230-233.

SUBFAMILY IV. COLOTRECHNIN^E.

This is likewise based upon a single genus, Colotrcchnus
Thomson. It is unknown to me in nature, but evidently from
Thomson's description belongs in this family.

Apropos to Mr. Ashmead's paper, Mr. Marlatt spoke of the
danger of using published descriptions only as bases for synoptic
work on account of the frequent omission of important characters
in published descriptions.

Mr. Howard made some remarks on the discovery of Eu-
proctis chrysorrhcea in the vicinity of Boston, which were sup
plemented in discussion by Mr. Marlatt, who had just returned
from Boston, and was able to give details as to the work which
had been done against the insect, and as to the measures adopted
by the State legislature. The paper was further discussed by
Messrs. Schwarz and Matthis,

OF WASHINGTON. 207

Mr. Schwarz remarked that it is wonderful that this species, as
well as many other European insects, have not been introduced into
America at an earlier date, and called attention to the fact that,
as already pointed out by Osten-Sacken, the most unexpected in
troductions frequently occur, whereas those most to be expected
may not be brought about for many years. He stated that this
insect is one which is especially guarded against by police regu
lations in Germany, the inhabitants of a given district being noti
fied on a certain day to destroy the larvae upon their premises,
and the police immediately thereafter inspecting the work and
fining delinquents.

Mr. Matthis spoke of the special clanger from this imported
species. He said that it is one of the forms whose egg- masses
are distasteful to birds through the admixture of hairs from the
anal tuft of the female moth. For this reason birds will not
touch it. He recounted his European experience with the species,
and both he and Mr. wSchwarz stated that the female flies well,
and that the species may therefore spread in the adult stage.

OMISSION FROM PROCEEDINGS OF MAY 13, 1897.

The publication committee announces that through an unfortu
nate error no mention is made in the proceedings of the meeting
of May 13, 1897, of the reading of an elaborate paper on the
Genera of the Encyrtinas by Mr. Ashmead. This paper has
been withdrawn for publication elsewhere.

Mr. Howard read a paper, of which he has submitted the fol
lowing abstract :

THE THOMSON-MAYR PRIORITY QUESTION SETTLED.
By L. O. HOWARD.

It will be remembered that, at the last meeting of the Society,
following the reading of the paper on the genera of the Encyr-
tina3, by Mr. Ashmead, a discussion took place between Messrs.
Ashmead, Schwarz, and the writer relative to the possibility that
volume IV of Thomson's " Hymenoptera Skandinavias," the
printed title-page of which showed the date 1875, was, in reality,
published subsequently to Mayr's paper on the Encyrtinas, which
was read before the Zoologisch Botanische Gesellschaft in Wien,
December, 1875.

It has been established since this discussion took place that
Mayr's paper was published not later than the end of January,

208 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1876, since the receipt of the printed paper is acknowledged in one
of the German periodicals published in February, 1876. It was
supposed that the Thomson work might have been printed by
signatures, and that while the first signature, containing the title-
page, might really have been published in 1875, the later signa
tures might have been published at a considerably later date. The
writer had addressed a letter to Dr. Christopher Aurivillius, of
Stockholm, and, on June 7th, received a reply w r hich practically
settles the matter. Dr. Aurivillius writes, under date of May
1 2th, that he has gained full information on the subject through
consulting Thomson's letters to Stal in the years 1875 and 1876.
It appears that volume IV of the " Hymenoptera Skandinaviae "
was published in two parts, Part i containing pages i to 192, and
including, on pages 112 to 183, his consideration of the Encyr-
tinaB, the only portion of the work about which there is a possible
conflict. The first sheet, including the title-page with the date
1875, was printed in September or October, 1875. The second
sheet (of 16 pages) was not printed on October nth, 1875. The
impression of the following sheets, or signatures, was delayed for
the very significant reason that Thomson hoped to use some ot
Dalman's types of Encyrtinae, which, at that time, had been
loaned to Dr. Mayr. The last sheet was printed at the end of
May, or in the first days of June. It will be noticed that I have
used the word " printed" up to this time. On June 6th Thom
son wrote that the first part was published, and that he intended
to continue the printing in August. It thus appears that Part i
of volume IV of the " Hymenoptera Skandinavias " was certainly
not published before the latter part of May. Mayr's work, hav
ing been published the end of January, thus antedates Thomson's
by four full months, and all coincident new genera should, there
fore, be known by Mayr's names.

These facts have never been recorded, and are even unknown
to Dr. Dalla Torre, the author of the great catalogue of the Hy
menoptera <>f the world, since, in a recent paper in the Wiener
Entomologische Zeitung, he adopts the convenience method of
deciding the priority between these two writers as regards the
genera of Encyrtinas.

The paper was discussed by Messrs. Schwarz, Ash mead,
Gill, Waite, and Howard.

Mr. Schwarz called attention to the fact that the first published
announcement of the receipt of Part i, volume IV, of Thomson's
Hymenoptera Scandinavian which he was able to find occurred
in the Entomologische Monatsblatter of April and May, 1877.

Mr. Ashmead expressed his pleasure at the settling of the long

OF WASHINGTON. 209

disputed question, and spoke at some length on the importance
of exact dates being printed on editions of author's extras, a mat
ter which was further discussed by the other members men
tioned.

,/3^ OCTOBER i/fTH, 1897.

Vice-President Gill in the chair, and Messrs. Ashmead, Banks,
Schwarz, Fernow, Patten, Dyar, Fairchild, de Schweinitz.
Swingle, Busck, Pratt, Motter, Benton, and Howard also present.
The following new members were elected : Corresponding A.
L. Quaintance, Lake City, Fla., and J. S. Hine, Columbus,
Ohio. Active Harrison G. Dyar.

Under the head of 4t Short Notes and Exhibition of Specimens,"
Mr. Schwarz spoke of the collection of insects recently made by
Henry G. Hubbard in southern Arizona. This collection is
altogether the most extensive and valuable which has been made
in that part of the country. In Coleoptera alone he estimates
that there are between 300 and 400 species new to the fauna of
the United States. He spoke at some length about the previous
collections, by Drs. LeConte and Horn, by the Government sur
veys, by Morrison, and by Wickham. Morrison's sets, when
sent abroad, were usually labelled " Sonora," and have thus been
included in the Biologia-Ccntrali Americana. When sent to
American workers, however, they are labelled u Arizona." They
were probably all made, however, in the Graham Mountains,
near Ft. Grant, and above Ft. Huachuca.

Mr. Schwarz exhibited a specimen of the Scarabaeid Lissome-
las fiohri Bates, a genus new to the United States, and allied to
Cremastochilus. The specimens collected by Mr. Hubbard at
Ft. Grant, Ar., however, were not found in ants' nests, but under
old leaves, nor could any traces be found of thoracic glands, which
are supposed to be attractive to ants. He spoke of the velvet-like
coating on the rear half of the elytra, and said that in the speci
mens collected it was badly scratched, possibly by ants. He
further generalized as to the Arizona fauna, stating that we do
not know its Mexican limits, and remarked upon the great varia
tion between the faunas of the valleys and of the mountains.

Mr. Fernow thought that this great difference was due entirely

210 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

to moisture changes. In Arizona, wherever an elevation of
5,000 feet is reached, there is rainfall and forests which are lack
ing at a lower elevation. Dr. Gill stated that the segregation of
the Coleopterous fauna of California had been remarked upon 40
years ago by LeConte. Mr. Schwarz stated that LeConte did
not go into the mountains of Arizona, and, in fact, failed to realize
the difference between the California and Arizona faunas, because
he was there in the winter-time. It is high time to explore
southern Arizona from a biological standpoint, since cattle are
fast doing away with the vegetation of the valleys and the moun
tain canyons, which will soon become deserts. In this statement
he was supported by Mr. Fernow, and some further discussion
ensued between Messrs. Fernow and Schwarz as to the character
of the vegetation of Arizona, and its influence upon insect life.
Mr. Ash mead confirmed Mr. Schwarz's statement as to the great
richness and value of the collections made by Mr. Hubbard in
southern Arizona.

Mr. Banks exhibited specimens of Chrysopa ypsilon, each
of which carried a minute Cecidomyiid fly on its wings. The
specimens were collected by Mrs. Slosson in the White Moun
tains, and she states that it is a common habit. Mr. Banks stated
that the Cecidomyiids were taking advantage of the Chrysopa to
carry them from place to place ; that they probably in this way were
carried to colonies of plant-lice upon which their larvas might
feed. Mr. Ashmead spoke gf a parasitic wingless fly of the
family Borboridae living upon a snail which had been collected
by Mr. Cook in Liberia. He agreed with Mr. Banks's conclu
sions. Mr. Schwarz suggested that possibly the Cecidomyiids
might have become entangled upon the wings of the Chrysopas,
and were thus trapped and unable to get a way. Mr. Banks,
however, said that he had been informed by Mrs. Slosson that
nearly all of the flies fell oft' when the Chrysopas were captured,
and that, therefore, they cannot be entrapped.

The first paper of the evening was presented by Mr. Ash-
mead, entitled "A new Cynipid Genus from Africa."*

In answer to questions by Mr. Schwarz, Mr. Ashmead stated

*After the presentation of this paper, Mr. Ashmead discovered that this
new genus was identical with Oberthiirella Saussure, and has withdrawn
his description.

OF WASHINGTON. 211

that there are no true gall-making Cynipids known in tropical
Africa. The genus Rhoophilus has been described from Africa,
but, in his opinion, this may not be a gall-making form.

Mr. Howard, in view of the fact that several persons who
had visited the tropics were present at the meeting, inquired as
to the abundance of plant-lice in tropical regions, and w r as an
swered by Messrs. Fairchild and Ashmead, that they seemed to
be much less abundant than in temperate regions.

A short paper w r as read by Mr. Howard, entitled *' Notes on
the House-fly."*

In discussing this paper, Mr. Ashmead suggested the trial of
chloride of lime, which is commonly used in the Southern States
as a disinfectant and for sprinkling on garbage of various sorts.

Mr. Schwarz, apropos to the statement as to the desirability of
killing the early flies, stated that, in his opinion, there is a fallacy
involved in this general recommendation regarding injurious in
sects. Where a species breeds with such astonishing rapidity as
does the house-fly, there is little use in killing part of the early
females if others are allowed to escape. He stated that it made
little difference to him whether one million of flies were bother
ing him in July or two millions !

Apropos to the incidental remark in the paper about the carrying
of contagion by house-flies, Mr. Fairchild spoke of the prevalence
of an eye-disease in the Fiji Islands. Very many natives have
lost the sight of one eye, and some of two, from this disease, which
is generally considered to be carried by flies. The houses of the
white inhabitants are thoroughly screened, the heads of children
are protected by nets when they go out of doors, and even the
natives customarily carry branches or fans in their hands to brush
the flies away from their heads.

Messrs. Fernow and Howard spoke of the similar carriage of
the purulent conjunctivitis, prevalent in Egypt, by house-flies,
and Mr. Benton spoke of his personal observations in various
countries at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, confirming the
opinion that the disease is carried by the house-fly. Mr. Ashmead
referred to the probable spread of "sore eye" in Florida by
Hippelates.

* Published in Bull. 10, Div. Entom., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 63-65.

212 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Mr. Fairchild, in answer to a question, stated that the Fiji eye-
disease in its milder form lasts, in its acute stage, 4 or 5 days and
then gradually dies away.

Mr. Banks read the following paper :

A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS HALARACHNE.
By NATHAN BANKS.

In 1847 P r f- Allman described a remarkable mite which he
had discovered in the nares of a seal from the Irish Sea. Unable
to place it in any of the then existing genera, he established for it
the new genus Halarachne, and named the species H. halichceri,
after the genus of seal on which it occurred. He characterized
the genus as follows : " Palps free, filiform, mandibles didactyle,
sternal lip bifid. Legs with last joints terminated by two hooks
and an intermediate three-lobed caruncle. Body entire, elongate,
subcylindrical, furnished anteriorly with a dorsal plate ; eyes
none."

He placed the genus in the vicinity of Dermanyssus ; a posi
tion which I believe to be correct. For many years little or no
attention was given the mite. However, in 1884, Nehring, a
German mammalologist, obtained specimens from the same seal,
and published a note upon it. He maintained that it was related
to the Ixpdidae rather than to the Gamasida3, chiefly on account
of its shape, general appearance, and especially the posterior
position ef the stigmata.

Kramer, the acarologist, saw the specimens and wrote a short
article upon the mite, dealing principally with its anatomy.
Haller in 1886 gave a few notes upon it. In 1889 Nehring pub
lished another note upon it. Its peculiar habitat is, doubtless, the
reason why so few specimens have come into the hands of acar-
ologists ; and thus the genus has rarely been mentioned or treated
in systematic works.

A short time ago Dr. Motter brought me some examples of a
mite given him by Dr. Hassall, who took them from the bron
chial tubes of a seal that had died in the Zoological Park. At
first I thought it related to one of Kolenati's genera of bat-mites,
viz., Lepronyssus ; but soon discovered that it was a species of
Halarachne, closely allied to H. halichceri. The genera erected
by Kolenati in the Dermanyssida? have not been generally ac
cepted, and there is much uncertainty regarding them. But the
great difference in habitat, and doubtless the position of the stig
mata, will separate Halarachne from all other Dermanyssidae.
The breathing pore is situate just above the fourth coxa, and a
line from it extends around and behind the coxa. In Derma
nyssus the stigmata are a little farther forward. The mouth-parts

OF WASHINGTON.

213

are, however, chelate, and of the true Gamasid type. The palpi
are free, and the other characters do not depart from those of
Dermanyssus sufficiently to merit notice. The shape of the dor
sal plate and elongate body are rather anomalous, but not char
acters of importance. 1 shall therefore consider Halarachne a
genus of Dermanyssidae, not greatly.differing from the other mem
bers of that family ; but showing certain adaptive characters that
fit it for its peculiar surroundings.

Our species appears to be different from the European form ;
and I describe it as follows :

FIG 15. Halarachne ajnericana. : a, sternum of male ; b, stig
mata and coxae ; c, mandible; all enlarged. (Original.)

Halarachne americana, n. sp.

White, hard parts pale yellowish; smooth, body narrowed in front,
contracted behind the fourth pair of legs, broadly rounded at tip; a dorsal
shield on basal half, narrow in front, broadest before the middle, then
tapering behind, but broadly rounded at tip, showing an irregular cross
and some geminate spots; a small round hard spot near tip of body at the
anus; legs short and stout, second pair stoutest, with a few short bristles,
and two claws at tip, the terminal joint longer than the others which are
subequal ; stigmata just above the fourth coxae; sternal plate truncate in
front, sides nearly parallel at first, then concavely tapering to the bluntly-
pointed apex.

214 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

The male (perhaps not quite adult) is smaller than the female, and the
abdomen does not extend much beyond the dorsal shield, and is much
narrowed behind; the sternal plate is of about the same shape as that of
the female, behind it there is a transverse line from each end of which
there extends back a short dark line; in the middle is an elongate pointed
genital opening.

Length 9 2 - to 2.8 mm. ; $ 1.8 mm.

Habitat Bronchial tubes of a seal (Monarchus tropicalis}.

HALARACHNE Allman.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1847.
H. halichceri \\\rc\.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1847. Allman.

Sitzungsber. d. Ges., naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1884, pp.

57-64. Nehring.

Zeitschr. f. Naturw., 1885, pp. 46-74. Kramer.
Zool. Anz., 1886, pp. 52-55. Haller.
Humbolclt (Dammer), 1889, p. 315. Nehring.
Habitat On Halichcertis grypkus.
H. americana, n. sp.

Habitat On Monarchns troptcalzs.

Dr. Hotter, who had seen the specimens taken from the dead
seal, stated that the air-passages were swarming with the mite,
which, however, did not appear to have been the cause of the
death of the seal.

Dr. Gill suggested that Mr. Banks might, to advantage, ex
change the specific name americana to monarchi, from the genus
of the seal in which it was found. He objected to americana
for the reason that the host of the type species is quite as Amer
ican as the host of the new species.

Mr. Banks objected to adopting the name monarchi, since the
genera of vertebrates no less than of arthropods are frequently
changed.

Mr. Ashmead read a paper entitled " On the Genera of the
Xyelinae.* This was a technical paper giving the characteristics
of four genera of this group belonging to the fauna of the United
States and forming a distinct family Xyelidas, which he had
separated from the Tenthredinidae. These genera are Xyela,

* Published in Psyche, Ma}', 1898, p. 214.

OF WASHINGTON. 215

Macroxyela, Megaxyela, and Manoxyela. lie stated that the
larvae of the group were not known, and that he had been unable
to ascertain their habits with certainty, but considered that they
were probably borers. He remarked upon the fact that they are
found flying in the spring and then disappear for the rest of the
year.

Mr. Schwarz stated that many years ago he had been attracted
by the beauty of the local species, which occurs in the earliest
warm days in the spring. He had found it frequently on the
22d February. It used to occur very abundantly on young pines
near Washington, but these trees on being examined later in the
season showed no signs of injury.

NOVEMBER 4, 1897.

Vice-President Gill in the chair, and Messrs. Uhler, Motter,
Patten, Johnson, Banks, Schwarz, Ashmead, Heidemann, Dyar,
Benton, Busck, Currie, Pratt, Howard, Cook, Fernow, and
Swingle also present. Prof. Dr. K. W. von Dalla Tofre, of
Innsbruck, was elected a corresponding member.

Under the head of" Short Notes and Exhibition of Specimens,"
Mr. Ashmead showed specimens of the male of Pelecinus oly-
turator, sent in by Mr. Wyeth, from Indiana, and also speci
mens of the genus Proterops of Wesmael, a Braconid parasitic
upon saw-flies, which is remarkable in that the middle ocellus is
placed between the bases of the antennae. Mr. Schwarz spoke
of the abundance of Pelecinus in Detroit during the past summer.
He had noticed them flying in numbers along the streets lined
with maple trees, and thought perhaps they might be parasitic
upon the common maple-borer, ^Egeria acerni. Mr. Ash
mead, however, had told him that it is more likely to be para
sitic upon a Coleopterous borer. Mr. Ashmead stated that the
species has a very wide distribution, occurring from Canada to
Argentina. He thinks it to be a very ancient form allied to the
Proctotrypidae, and to a group of the Proctotrypidae which is
always parasitic upon Coleopterous larvae. Prof. Uhler said that
this species used to be common near Baltimore, and that he had
once or twice caught the male. In a low spot of ground thickly
covered with an undergrowth of black alder and spice bush,

216 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

and containing oaks and maples, the insect was particularly
common.

Mr. Banks showed a female of Meleoma signoreti Fitch, a
rare lace-winged fly which he had collected on Long Island. A
new species of this genus had been sent in by Mrs. Slosson. which
he had named after her. Mr. Ashmead remarked that Fitch's
type of this species is in the National Museum. Prof. Uhler said
that he had received specimens from Illinois.

Mr. O. F. Cook exhibited specimens of Peripatus novazea-
landicus from New Zealand, and two small species of Peripatus
from the Bismarck Archipelago. He also exhibited a Dyscritina
from Liberia. A discussion as to the zoological position of Pe
ripatus ensued between Messrs. Gill and Cook.

Mr. Schwarz exhibited a specimen of Cychrus mexicanus
Bates, a species new to the fauna of the United States, which Mr.
Hubbard had found at Cave Creek, in the Chiricahua Mountains
of southern Arizona. He spoke of the habits and distribution of
the genus Cychrus in the United States.

Mr. Howard exhibited specimens of Trypeta acidusa
Walker, which had been reared from ripe peaches by Mr. Koebele
at Orizaba, Mexico. Incidentally he spoke of the Mexican dis
tribution of Trypeta ludens. Mr. Johnson said that it would be
important to investigate the possible shipping of peaches from
Mexico to the United States in order to prevent the introduction
of this new pest. Mr. Uhler said that he thought he had seen
the same species in San Domingo.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Swingle spoke briefly
of an undetermined mite which he had found feeding upon the
mold occurring in spots upon the bindings of books in one of the
rooms of the National Museum.

- Prof. Uhler exhibited a series of species of American Noto-
nectas, which had been named by Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, of Wim-
bleton, England. He spoke of Mr. Kirkaldy's excellent work
upon this group, and indicated some structural peculiarities of the
genus and its remarkable distribution in America. One species,
for example, he said, is found from Rio Janeiro to Quebec. It
results from Mr. Kirkaldy's studies that we have in America nine
valid species of the genus.

The first paper of the evening was by Mr. Heidemann, and
was entitled :

OF WASHINGTON. 217

HETEROPTERA FOUND ON OX-EYE DAISY (CHRYSANTHE
MUM LEUCANTHEMUM).

By OTTO HEIDEMANN.

It is generally known that the common ox-eye daisy ( Chrys
anthemum Icucanthemunt} has a great attraction for many of our
insects. The plant flowers from early May until late in July. It
grows so profusely on some fields that, seen from the distance,
they appear to be snow-covered. In sweeping such fields early
in May, I was greatly interested in finding Leptopterna dola-
brata Linn., a European species of the family Capsidae, in very
great numbers, and in all stages of development. They are hardly
to be detected on the plant, as the larva and pupa resemble in
coloration the stem and leaf. Thus it seems probable ^^.Chrys
anthemum leucanthemum, which is a native of the Old World,
may be the food-plant of this common Capsid. Unfortunately I
was unable to find the eggs in spite of careful research. In
former years I had noticed the appearance of the insect regularly
on the same plant, but never did it occur so plentifully as at this
season. This common Capsid has probably two broods, because
I found the young larva very early in May, and also in the month
of July. After this the insect disappears in our locality. Be
sides this one species, I met with other heteropterous insects on
the daisies, which are either attracted by the color of the flower,
or visit the same in search of prey, as I found to be the case with
Triphleps insidiosus Say and Phymata fasciata Gray, both
hiding between the petals of the flower. I swept quite frequently
during the months of May and June, and until late in July, when
the daisies began to wither. As a result of my collecting I can
record the following species of Heteroptera :

Neottiglossa sulcifrons Stal. Poeciloscytus basalis Rent.

CEbalus pugnax Fab. Calocoris rapidus Say.

Hymenarcys nervosa Say. Agalliastes suavis Reut.

Trichopepla semivittata Say. Stiphrosoma stygica Say.

Harmostes reflexulus Stal. Halticus uhleri Giard.

Corizus lateralis Say. Episcopus ornatus Reut.

Corizus nigristernum Sign. Oncotylus decolor Fall.

Nysius angustatus Uhl. Apocremnus robustus Uhl.MS.

Cymus angustatus Stal. Triphleps insidiosus Say.

Jalysus spinosus Say. Phymata fasciata Gray.

Leptopterna dolabrata Lin. Coriscus ferns Lin.

Collaria oculata Reut. Coriscus punctipes Reut.

Lygus pratensis Lin. Sinea diadema Fab.
Oncognathus binotatus Fab.

218 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

In discussion Mr. Ashmead asked whether, besides the Euro
pean Leptoterna dolabrata, any of the species listed by Mr.
Heidemann were especially addicted to the plant, or whether
they are accidental visitors. Mr. Heidemann replied that some
of the other Capsids mentioned may possibly be found to breed
on the ox-eye daisy. Prof. Uhler said that the eggs of the Cap
sids are very difficult to find, so that it is frequently almost im
possible to determine the breeding plant of a species. Mr.
Schwarz said that, the ox-eye daisy being an introduced plant,
nearly all of the insects mentioned must have other original food-
plants. He referred to the European Chenopodiums introduced
into this country, which afford breeding places for many of our
native insects. Attention was called to the fact that the Phymata
listed by Mr. Heidemann seeks yellow flowers for concealment
w^hile capturing its prey.

Dr. H. G. Dyar presented the following communication :

SOME STRUCTURAL POINTS IN SAW-FLY LARV^.
By HARRISON G. DYAR, Ph. D.

The larvae of the leaf-feeding Hymenoptera are slender, cruci
form insects, closely resembling in general character the larvae of
the Lepidoptera. The head is round, with a single ocellus on
each side, a shield-shaped, not triangular, clypeus without side
pieces ; large labium and distinct antennae situated below the
ocellus, higher up than in the Lepidopterous larva. The body
has the same number of segments as in the Lepidoptera ; thoracic
feet usually strong and more distinctly functional than the ab
dominal ones. The latter are weak, without terminal retaining
hooks or crotchets, and are present in varying number. There
are two well-marked series ; one with abdominal feet on segments
2 to 7 and 10, the other on segments 2 to 8 and 10. In a few
there are no abdominal feet. The body segments are usually
marked by a series of transverse creases, forming subsegments or
annulets. The primitive number seems to be three, but they may
be increased by the folding off of additional annulets, usually at
each end of the segment, at the incisure. The original annulets
themselves are seldom divided. Below the spiracles there is a
longitudinal ridge, usually divided into two portions, an upper
anterior and lower posterior. The three original annulets and the
subventral ridge bear a series of short setae, about three on each
side on each annulet, the exact number varying. These setas are
small, simple ones, often greatly reduced, seldom modified. The

OF WASHINGTON. 219

only peculiar form is the large, furcate spine of some of the Blen-
nocampids. These are never true warts. Occasionally there may
be other fine hairs scattered over the skin. The setae are distinctly
variable in number, as just stated, even in closely allied forms,
and it is somewhat surprising to find them not possessed of any
thing like the fixity or constancy of the primary setae of the Lep-
idopterous larva. They correspond in their modifications rather
to secondary hairs, and it may be stated that primary setae, as
that term is understood in Lepidoptera, are not present in the
larvae of Tenthredinidae. Consequently they are of much less
value in the. broad lines of classification, and it is interesting to
see what, at first sight, appears the same character of such differ
ent value in the two groups of insects. As compared with the
Lepidopterous larva, the saw-fly is much generalized. In the
shape of the clypeus and position of the antennas it shows less
divergence from the mature insect. The thoracic feet are pre
dominant, and the abdominal ones are simply membranous pads.
The hair structures are very simple. The smooth skin but rarely
bears processes, which do not exceed the simple papilla in com
plexity. Eversible glands, however, may be present, either ven-
trally or laterally, and the skin may secrete a pruinose or long
woolly coating. The coloration is of the simplest. The skin is
usually transparent, and the larva receives its color from the green
blood. The lines consist of the outlines of the dorsal vessel and
tracheal line, supplemented by fat granules. Spots are formed
by black pigment, often at the setae, but the deposition of pig
ment is seldom extensive, never complicated. Mimicry of special
objects other than the leaves it feeds on is rarely attempted by the
larva. I have in mind two cases, one from the Nematinae, the
other from the Tenthredininae (neither larva bred), where the ex
crement of birds is mimicked. One or two others are somewhat
brightly colored.

I should like to present a classification of saw-fly larvae, based
on the characters just reviewed, but my material is too scanty.
When our species are better known it may be possible to do this.
In the meantime I will indicate some of the differences between
the different groups as seen in a few examples.

HYLOTOMIN^E.

Hylotoma macleayi. No feet on segment 8 ; segments divided
into three annulets, each with three tubercles above the tracheal
line ; a large oblique subventral ridge with many setae.

NEMATIN^E.

Ncmatus ribesii. No feet on segment 8 ; segments divided
into three annulets, each with three tubercles, the anterior ones
sometimes partly wanting; a small cluster of hairs on subventral
ridge.

220 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Hemichroa americana. Feet present on segment 8 ; segments
indistinctly divided into 6 annulets, one cut off before, two behind
the primitive setiferous annulets as in the Tenthredinidae.

On larval characters, this species clearly does not belong to the
Nematinae.

CIMBICIN^E.

The characters are, in general, as in the Tenthredininae. I
cannot give details at the moment of writing.

Acordulccfadorsalis. No feet on segment 8 ; segments divided
into three annulets, each with three tubercles above the tracheal
line, except on the anterior annulet, where the middle one is miss
ing ; very indistinct tubercles on subventral ridge.

This larva is evidently allied to the Hylotominae, not to Cimbex.

TENTHREDININAE.

Blennocampa spircece. Feet on segment 8 ; segments divided
into five annulets, one cut off before and one behind the three
primitive setiferous annulets, which bear three rudimentary
spines above the tracheal line, except the middle annulet, where
only one is present low down. A group of spines on each division
of the subventral ridge.

Siobla excavata. Feet on segment S ; segments divided into
six annulets, one before, two behind the primitive annulets, which
bear fine points, except the middle annulet, where only a few are
present low down.

PAMPHILIIN^E.

Lophyrus lecontei. Feet on segment S ; segments divided into
six annulets, two cut off behind the last primitive setiferous an
nulet, and one cut off behind the second, the original setae thus
present on annulets i, 2, and 4, numerous, developed alike on all ;
a group of setae on each division of subventral ridge.

Pamphilia ochreata. No feet ; a pair of jointed anal append
ages. Segments divided indistinctly into four annulets ; no per
ceptible setae.

XYELIN^E.

No larvae seen by me.*

I have some other striking modifications of structure, but the
larvae are not yet bred, so I do not know the significance of them.

Mr. Ashmead congratulated the speaker upon this work, and
said that he considered it of great importance. The annulets and

* These larvae have since been discovered. See Psvche, VIII, 213; Can.
Ent. XXX, 175, and XXXI, 41.

OF WASHINGTON. 221

tubercles were never before made use of in systematic work, and
he felt sure these would be found to be of great taxonomic signifi
cance.

- Mr. Banks presented the following paper :

AN AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS CiECULUS.
By NATHAN BANKS.

In every group of animals there are a few genera having char
acters which ally them to various larger groups, or serve to con
ceal their true relationship. In the Acari there are several such
genera, and not least interesting of them is CaBCulus. Its general
appearance at once reminds one of certain Oribatid mites, viz.,
Nothrus. And on a closer examination one finds several struc
tures which would confirm this appearance. But there are cer
tain characters, deemed by acarologists of much importance,
which place the mite near a quite different family, the Trom-
bididas. These important characters are the palpi, the structure of
the coxae, and the peculiar eyes. The eyes are almost exactly as
in Trombidium, an arrangement not found elsewhere in the
Acari. But the dorsal shields, the rough spinose legs, and the
large ventral openings are characters wholly foreign to the
Trombididae.

The early writers placed the genus after Oribata, and Gervais
suggests that it has some affinity with Phalangium. In 1877
Canestrini and Fanzago wrote a paper on the genus and erected
for it a new family, which they placed near the Trombididae. This
position it has since occupied in all classifications. Canestrini
and Fanzago gave the genus* a new name, Hoplopus ; because
they thought Caeculus inappropriate, and called the family Hop-
lopidas. But since Hoplopus is a synonym, the family should be
called Cajculidas.

The genus is represented in southern Europe and northern
Africa by one species, C. echiuipes. Last spring Mr. H. G.
Hubbard sent me a mite taken at Palm Springs, California. It
proves to belong to Caeculus, and differs from the typical Euro
pean species in several minor particulars.

Caeculus americanus, n. sp.

Length 1.3 mm. Black, soft portions rather reddish-brown. Cephalic
shield more than twice as long as broad in front, twice as broad behind as in
front, sides sinuate, angles rounded; from the front margin there projects
four spatulate hairs or scales; there are two subparallel middle lines not
reaching to the hind margin ; under the hind angles arise a double
tubercle, each bearing an eye. Anterior shield of the abdomen one-

222

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

third broader behind than in front, rather concave above, traversed
by irregular low ridges, and two longitudinal
lines rather nearer to the lateral margin than
to the middle. Posterior abdominal shield
much broader than anterior, its front border
concave, broadly rounded behind, bearing above
two scale-like hairs on the front border, four in
a transverse line beyond the middle, and four
more on hind border. Venter with large anal
and genital openings close together. Legs
very large and stout, first pair longest but
plainly shorter